diff --git a/examples/math.rs b/examples/math.rs
index 6e56a81..46e7b15 100644
--- a/examples/math.rs
+++ b/examples/math.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,7 @@
 //!     - "+" Token(Add)
 //!     - "4" Token(Number)
 
-use cstree::{
-    interning::{Reader, Resolver},
-    GreenNodeBuilder, NodeOrToken,
-};
+use cstree::{interning::Resolver, GreenNodeBuilder, NodeOrToken};
 use std::iter::Peekable;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ type SyntaxElement = cstree::NodeOrToken<SyntaxNode, SyntaxToken>;
 type SyntaxElementRef<'a> = cstree::NodeOrToken<&'a SyntaxNode, &'a SyntaxToken>;
 
 struct Parser<'input, I: Iterator<Item = (SyntaxKind, &'input str)>> {
-    builder: GreenNodeBuilder<'static>,
+    builder: GreenNodeBuilder<'static, 'static>,
     iter:    Peekable<I>,
 }
 impl<'input, I: Iterator<Item = (SyntaxKind, &'input str)>> Parser<'input, I> {
@@ -134,7 +131,7 @@ fn print(indent: usize, element: SyntaxElementRef<'_>, resolver: &impl Resolver)
             }
         }
 
-        NodeOrToken::Token(token) => println!("- {:?} {:?}", token.text(resolver), kind),
+        NodeOrToken::Token(token) => println!("- {:?} {:?}", token.resolve_text(resolver), kind),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/s_expressions.rs b/examples/s_expressions.rs
index 5142283..57fdc3d 100644
--- a/examples/s_expressions.rs
+++ b/examples/s_expressions.rs
@@ -62,10 +62,7 @@ impl cstree::Language for Lang {
 
 /// GreenNode is an immutable tree, which is cheap to change,
 /// but doesn't contain offsets and parent pointers.
-use cstree::{
-    interning::{Reader, Resolver},
-    GreenNode,
-};
+use cstree::{interning::Resolver, GreenNode};
 
 /// You can construct GreenNodes by hand, but a builder
 /// is helpful for top-down parsers: it maintains a stack
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ fn parse(text: &str) -> Parse<impl Resolver> {
         /// in *reverse* order.
         tokens:  Vec<(SyntaxKind, &'input str)>,
         /// the in-progress tree.
-        builder: GreenNodeBuilder<'static>,
+        builder: GreenNodeBuilder<'static, 'static>,
         /// the list of syntax errors we've accumulated
         /// so far.
         errors:  Vec<String>,
diff --git a/src/green/builder.rs b/src/green/builder.rs
index 527d222..15875ab 100644
--- a/src/green/builder.rs
+++ b/src/green/builder.rs
@@ -19,29 +19,42 @@ use super::{node::GreenNodeHead, token::GreenTokenData};
 const CHILDREN_CACHE_THRESHOLD: usize = 3;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct NodeCache {
+pub struct NodeCache<'i, I = Rodeo<Spur, FxBuildHasher>> {
     nodes:    FxHashMap<GreenNodeHead, GreenNode>,
     tokens:   FxHashMap<GreenTokenData, GreenToken>,
-    interner: Rodeo<Spur, FxBuildHasher>,
+    interner: MaybeOwned<'i, I>,
 }
 
-impl NodeCache {
+impl NodeCache<'static, Rodeo<Spur, FxBuildHasher>> {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             nodes:    FxHashMap::default(),
             tokens:   FxHashMap::default(),
-            interner: Rodeo::with_capacity_and_hasher(
+            interner: MaybeOwned::Owned(Rodeo::with_capacity_and_hasher(
                 // capacity values suggested by author of `lasso`
                 Capacity::new(512, unsafe { NonZeroUsize::new_unchecked(4096) }),
                 FxBuildHasher::default(),
-            ),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'i, I> NodeCache<'i, I>
+where
+    I: Interner,
+{
+    pub fn with_interner(interner: &'i mut I) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            nodes:    FxHashMap::default(),
+            tokens:   FxHashMap::default(),
+            interner: MaybeOwned::Borrowed(interner),
         }
     }
 
-    fn node<I>(&mut self, kind: SyntaxKind, children: I) -> GreenNode
+    fn node<It>(&mut self, kind: SyntaxKind, children: It) -> GreenNode
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = GreenElement>,
-        I::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator,
+        It: IntoIterator<Item = GreenElement>,
+        It::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator,
     {
         let children = children.into_iter();
 
@@ -61,10 +74,10 @@ impl NodeCache {
 
     /// Creates a [`GreenNode`] by looking inside the cache or inserting
     /// a new node into the cache if it's a cache miss.
-    fn get_cached_node<I>(&mut self, kind: SyntaxKind, children: I) -> GreenNode
+    fn get_cached_node<It>(&mut self, kind: SyntaxKind, children: It) -> GreenNode
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = GreenElement>,
-        I::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator,
+        It: IntoIterator<Item = GreenElement>,
+        It::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator,
     {
         #[derive(Clone)]
         struct ChildrenIter {
@@ -132,6 +145,15 @@ enum MaybeOwned<'a, T> {
     Borrowed(&'a mut T),
 }
 
+impl<T> MaybeOwned<'_, T> {
+    fn as_owned(self) -> Option<T> {
+        match self {
+            MaybeOwned::Owned(owned) => Some(owned),
+            MaybeOwned::Borrowed(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T> std::ops::Deref for MaybeOwned<'_, T> {
     type Target = T;
 
@@ -164,26 +186,31 @@ pub struct Checkpoint(usize);
 
 /// A builder for a green tree.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct GreenNodeBuilder<'cache> {
-    cache:    MaybeOwned<'cache, NodeCache>,
+pub struct GreenNodeBuilder<'cache, 'interner, I = Rodeo<Spur, FxBuildHasher>> {
+    cache:    MaybeOwned<'cache, NodeCache<'interner, I>>,
     parents:  Vec<(SyntaxKind, usize)>,
     children: Vec<GreenElement>,
 }
 
-impl GreenNodeBuilder<'_> {
+impl GreenNodeBuilder<'static, 'static, Rodeo<Spur, FxBuildHasher>> {
     /// Creates new builder.
-    pub fn new() -> GreenNodeBuilder<'static> {
-        GreenNodeBuilder {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
             cache:    MaybeOwned::Owned(NodeCache::new()),
             parents:  Vec::with_capacity(8),
             children: Vec::with_capacity(8),
         }
     }
+}
 
+impl<'cache, 'interner, I> GreenNodeBuilder<'cache, 'interner, I>
+where
+    I: Interner,
+{
     /// Reusing `NodeCache` between different `GreenNodeBuilder`s saves memory.
     /// It allows to structurally share underlying trees.
-    pub fn with_cache(cache: &mut NodeCache) -> GreenNodeBuilder<'_> {
-        GreenNodeBuilder {
+    pub fn with_cache(cache: &'cache mut NodeCache<'interner, I>) -> Self {
+        Self {
             cache:    MaybeOwned::Borrowed(cache),
             parents:  Vec::with_capacity(8),
             children: Vec::with_capacity(8),
@@ -268,15 +295,12 @@ impl GreenNodeBuilder<'_> {
     /// `start_node_at` and `finish_node` calls
     /// are paired!
     #[inline]
-    pub fn finish(mut self) -> (GreenNode, Option<impl Interner<Spur>>) {
+    pub fn finish(mut self) -> (GreenNode, Option<I>) {
         assert_eq!(self.children.len(), 1);
-        let resolver = match self.cache {
-            MaybeOwned::Owned(cache) => Some(cache.interner),
-            MaybeOwned::Borrowed(_) => None,
-        };
+        let resolver = self.cache.as_owned().and_then(|cache| cache.interner.as_owned());
         match self.children.pop().unwrap() {
             NodeOrToken::Node(node) => (node, resolver),
-            NodeOrToken::Token(_) => panic!(),
+            NodeOrToken::Token(_) => panic!("called `finish` on a `GreenNodeBuilder` which only contained a token"),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 978cc71..1259195 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ use std::fmt;
 pub use text_size::{TextLen, TextRange, TextSize};
 
 pub use crate::{
-    green::{Checkpoint, Children, GreenNode, GreenNodeBuilder, GreenToken, SyntaxKind},
+    green::{Checkpoint, Children, GreenNode, GreenNodeBuilder, GreenToken, NodeCache, SyntaxKind},
     syntax::{SyntaxElement, SyntaxElementChildren, SyntaxElementRef, SyntaxNode, SyntaxNodeChildren, SyntaxToken},
     syntax_text::SyntaxText,
     utility_types::{Direction, NodeOrToken, TokenAtOffset, WalkEvent},
diff --git a/src/syntax.rs b/src/syntax.rs
index 56ddf9c..0e93588 100644
--- a/src/syntax.rs
+++ b/src/syntax.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{
     cell::UnsafeCell,
-    fmt::Write,
+    fmt::{self, Write},
     hash::{Hash, Hasher},
     iter, ptr,
     sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering},
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ use crate::{
 //   - DQ 01/2021
 
 #[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct SyntaxNode<L: Language, D: 'static = ()> {
-    data: *mut NodeData<L, D>,
+pub struct SyntaxNode<L: Language, D: 'static = (), R: 'static = ()> {
+    data: *mut NodeData<L, D, R>,
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
     pub fn debug(&self, resolver: &impl Resolver, recursive: bool) -> String {
         // NOTE: `fmt::Write` methods on `String` never fail
         let mut res = String::new();
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Clone for SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Clone for SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         // safety:: the ref count is only dropped when there are no more external references (see below)
         // since we are currently cloning such a reference, there is still at least one
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> Clone for SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Drop for SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Drop for SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         // safety:: the ref count is only dropped when there are no more external references (see below)
         // and all nodes but the root have been dropped.
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ impl<L: Language, D> Drop for SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
     #[inline]
-    fn data(&self) -> &NodeData<L, D> {
+    fn data(&self) -> &NodeData<L, D, R> {
         unsafe { &*self.data }
     }
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     /// Caller must ensure that the access to the underlying data is unique (no active _mutable or immutable_
     /// references).
     #[inline]
-    unsafe fn data_mut(&self) -> &mut NodeData<L, D> {
+    unsafe fn data_mut(&self) -> &mut NodeData<L, D, R> {
         &mut *self.data
     }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
         Self { data: self.data }
     }
 
-    fn root(&self) -> &SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+    fn root(&self) -> &SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
         let mut current = self;
         while let Some(parent) = current.parent() {
             current = parent;
@@ -177,28 +177,28 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
 }
 
 // Identity semantics for hash & eq
-impl<L: Language, D> PartialEq for SyntaxNode<L, D> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &SyntaxNode<L, D>) -> bool {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> PartialEq for SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>) -> bool {
         self.green().ptr() == other.green().ptr() && self.text_range().start() == other.text_range().start()
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Eq for SyntaxNode<L, D> {}
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Eq for SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {}
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Hash for SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Hash for SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
         ptr::hash(self.green().ptr(), state);
         self.text_range().start().hash(state);
     }
 }
 
-pub struct SyntaxToken<L: Language, D: 'static = ()> {
-    parent: SyntaxNode<L, D>,
+pub struct SyntaxToken<L: Language, D: 'static = (), R: 'static = ()> {
+    parent: SyntaxNode<L, D, R>,
     index:  u32,
     offset: TextSize,
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Clone for SyntaxToken<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Clone for SyntaxToken<L, D, R> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
             parent: self.parent.clone(),
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> Clone for SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Hash for SyntaxToken<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Hash for SyntaxToken<L, D, R> {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
         self.parent.hash(state);
         self.index.hash(state);
@@ -216,23 +216,23 @@ impl<L: Language, D> Hash for SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> PartialEq for SyntaxToken<L, D> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &SyntaxToken<L, D>) -> bool {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> PartialEq for SyntaxToken<L, D, R> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &SyntaxToken<L, D, R>) -> bool {
         self.parent == other.parent && self.index == other.index && self.offset == other.offset
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Eq for SyntaxToken<L, D> {}
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Eq for SyntaxToken<L, D, R> {}
 
-impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxToken<L, D, R> {
     pub fn debug(&self, resolver: &impl Resolver) -> String {
         let mut res = String::new();
         write!(res, "{:?}@{:?}", self.kind(), self.text_range()).unwrap();
-        if self.text(resolver).len() < 25 {
-            write!(res, " {:?}", self.text(resolver)).unwrap();
+        if self.resolve_text(resolver).len() < 25 {
+            write!(res, " {:?}", self.resolve_text(resolver)).unwrap();
             return res;
         }
-        let text = self.text(resolver);
+        let text = self.resolve_text(resolver);
         for idx in 21..25 {
             if text.is_char_boundary(idx) {
                 let text = format!("{} ...", &text[..idx]);
@@ -244,25 +244,25 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 
     pub fn display(&self, resolver: &impl Resolver) -> String {
-        self.text(resolver).to_string()
+        self.resolve_text(resolver).to_string()
     }
 }
 
-pub type SyntaxElement<L, D = ()> = NodeOrToken<SyntaxNode<L, D>, SyntaxToken<L, D>>;
+pub type SyntaxElement<L, D = (), R = ()> = NodeOrToken<SyntaxNode<L, D, R>, SyntaxToken<L, D, R>>;
 
-impl<L: Language, D> From<SyntaxNode<L, D>> for SyntaxElement<L, D> {
-    fn from(node: SyntaxNode<L, D>) -> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> From<SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> for SyntaxElement<L, D, R> {
+    fn from(node: SyntaxNode<L, D, R>) -> SyntaxElement<L, D, R> {
         NodeOrToken::Node(node)
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> From<SyntaxToken<L, D>> for SyntaxElement<L, D> {
-    fn from(token: SyntaxToken<L, D>) -> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> From<SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> for SyntaxElement<L, D, R> {
+    fn from(token: SyntaxToken<L, D, R>) -> SyntaxElement<L, D, R> {
         NodeOrToken::Token(token)
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxElement<L, D, R> {
     pub fn display(&self, resolver: &impl Resolver) -> String {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.display(resolver),
@@ -271,22 +271,22 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-pub type SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D = ()> = NodeOrToken<&'a SyntaxNode<L, D>, &'a SyntaxToken<L, D>>;
+pub type SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D = (), R = ()> = NodeOrToken<&'a SyntaxNode<L, D, R>, &'a SyntaxToken<L, D, R>>;
 
-impl<'a, L: Language, D> From<&'a SyntaxNode<L, D>> for SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
-    fn from(node: &'a SyntaxNode<L, D>) -> Self {
+impl<'a, L: Language, D, R> From<&'a SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> for SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D, R> {
+    fn from(node: &'a SyntaxNode<L, D, R>) -> Self {
         NodeOrToken::Node(node)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, L: Language, D> From<&'a SyntaxToken<L, D>> for SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
-    fn from(token: &'a SyntaxToken<L, D>) -> Self {
+impl<'a, L: Language, D, R> From<&'a SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> for SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D, R> {
+    fn from(token: &'a SyntaxToken<L, D, R>) -> Self {
         NodeOrToken::Token(token)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, L: Language, D> From<&'a SyntaxElement<L, D>> for SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
-    fn from(element: &'a SyntaxElement<L, D>) -> Self {
+impl<'a, L: Language, D, R> From<&'a SyntaxElement<L, D, R>> for SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D, R> {
+    fn from(element: &'a SyntaxElement<L, D, R>) -> Self {
         match element {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => Self::Node(it),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => Self::Token(it),
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> From<&'a SyntaxElement<L, D>> for SyntaxElementRef<'a,
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
+impl<'a, L: Language, D, R> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D, R> {
     pub fn display(&self, resolver: &impl Resolver) -> String {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.display(resolver),
@@ -303,17 +303,17 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-enum Kind<L: Language, D: 'static> {
-    Root(GreenNode),
+enum Kind<L: Language, D: 'static, R: 'static> {
+    Root(GreenNode, Arc<R>),
     Child {
-        parent: SyntaxNode<L, D>,
+        parent: SyntaxNode<L, D, R>,
         index:  u32,
         offset: TextSize,
     },
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> Kind<L, D> {
-    fn as_child(&self) -> Option<(&SyntaxNode<L, D>, u32, TextSize)> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> Kind<L, D, R> {
+    fn as_child(&self) -> Option<(&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>, u32, TextSize)> {
         match self {
             Kind::Child { parent, index, offset } => Some((parent, *index, *offset)),
             _ => None,
@@ -321,18 +321,18 @@ impl<L: Language, D> Kind<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-struct NodeData<L: Language, D: 'static> {
-    kind:        Kind<L, D>,
+struct NodeData<L: Language, D: 'static, R: 'static> {
+    kind:        Kind<L, D, R>,
     green:       ptr::NonNull<GreenNode>,
     ref_count:   *mut AtomicU32,
     data:        RwLock<Option<Arc<D>>>,
-    children:    Vec<UnsafeCell<Option<SyntaxElement<L, D>>>>,
+    children:    Vec<UnsafeCell<Option<SyntaxElement<L, D, R>>>>,
     child_locks: Vec<RwLock<()>>,
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> NodeData<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> NodeData<L, D, R> {
     fn new(
-        kind: Kind<L, D>,
+        kind: Kind<L, D, R>,
         green: ptr::NonNull<GreenNode>,
         ref_count: *mut AtomicU32,
         n_children: usize,
@@ -352,23 +352,29 @@ impl<L: Language, D> NodeData<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
-    fn new(data: *mut NodeData<L, D>) -> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D, ()> {
+    pub fn new_root(green: GreenNode) -> Self {
+        Self::make_new_root(green, ())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
+    fn new(data: *mut NodeData<L, D, R>) -> Self {
         Self { data }
     }
 
-    pub fn new_root(green: GreenNode) -> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+    fn make_new_root(green: GreenNode, resolver: R) -> Self {
         let ref_count = Box::new(AtomicU32::new(1));
         let n_children = green.children().count();
         let data = NodeData::new(
-            Kind::Root(green),
+            Kind::Root(green, Arc::new(resolver)),
             ptr::NonNull::dangling(),
             Box::into_raw(ref_count),
             n_children,
         );
         let ret = Self::new(data);
         let green: ptr::NonNull<GreenNode> = match &ret.data().kind {
-            Kind::Root(green) => green.into(),
+            Kind::Root(green, _resolver) => green.into(),
             _ => unreachable!(),
         };
         // safety: we have just created `ret` and have not shared it
@@ -376,15 +382,16 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
         ret
     }
 
+    pub fn new_root_with_resolver(green: GreenNode, resolver: R) -> Self
+    where
+        R: Resolver,
+    {
+        Self::make_new_root(green, resolver)
+    }
+
     // Technically, unsafe, but private so that's OK.
     // Safety: `green` must be a descendent of `parent.green`
-    fn new_child(
-        green: &GreenNode,
-        parent: &SyntaxNode<L, D>,
-        index: u32,
-        offset: TextSize,
-        ref_count: *mut AtomicU32,
-    ) -> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+    fn new_child(green: &GreenNode, parent: &Self, index: u32, offset: TextSize, ref_count: *mut AtomicU32) -> Self {
         let n_children = green.children().count();
         let data = NodeData::new(
             Kind::Child {
@@ -426,8 +433,15 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
         *ptr = None;
     }
 
+    pub fn resolver(&self) -> &Arc<R> {
+        match &self.root().data().kind {
+            Kind::Root(_, resolver) => resolver,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[inline]
-    fn read(&self, index: usize) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    fn read(&self, index: usize) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         // safety: children are pre-allocated and indices are determined internally
         let _read = unsafe { self.data().child_locks.get_unchecked(index).read() };
         // safety: mutable accesses to the slot only occur below and have to take the lock
@@ -435,7 +449,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
         slot.as_ref().map(|elem| elem.into())
     }
 
-    fn try_write(&self, index: usize, elem: SyntaxElement<L, D>) {
+    fn try_write(&self, index: usize, elem: SyntaxElement<L, D, R>) {
         // safety: children are pre-allocated and indices are determined internally
         let _write = unsafe { self.data().child_locks.get_unchecked(index).write() };
         // safety: we are the only writer and there are no readers as evidenced by the write lock
@@ -480,7 +494,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn get_or_add_node(&self, node: &GreenNode, index: usize, offset: TextSize) -> SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D> {
+    fn get_or_add_node(&self, node: &GreenNode, index: usize, offset: TextSize) -> SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R> {
         if let Some(elem) = self.read(index) {
             debug_assert_eq!(elem.text_range().start(), offset);
             return elem;
@@ -498,7 +512,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
         element: GreenElementRef<'_>,
         index: usize,
         offset: TextSize,
-    ) -> SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D> {
+    ) -> SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R> {
         if let Some(elem) = self.read(index) {
             debug_assert_eq!(elem.text_range().start(), offset);
             return elem;
@@ -552,7 +566,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn text<'n, 'i, I>(&'n self, resolver: &'i I) -> SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I, L, D>
+    pub fn resolve_text<'n, 'i, I>(&'n self, resolver: &'i I) -> SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I, L, D, R>
     where
         I: Resolver + ?Sized,
     {
@@ -565,42 +579,42 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         match &self.data().kind {
-            Kind::Root(_) => None,
+            Kind::Root(_, _) => None,
             Kind::Child { parent, .. } => Some(parent),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         iter::successors(Some(self), |&node| node.parent())
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn children(&self) -> SyntaxNodeChildren<'_, L, D> {
+    pub fn children(&self) -> SyntaxNodeChildren<'_, L, D, R> {
         SyntaxNodeChildren::new(self)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn children_with_tokens(&self) -> SyntaxElementChildren<'_, L, D> {
+    pub fn children_with_tokens(&self) -> SyntaxElementChildren<'_, L, D, R> {
         SyntaxElementChildren::new(self)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn first_child(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn first_child(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         let (node, (index, offset)) = filter_nodes(self.green().children_from(0, self.text_range().start())).next()?;
         self.get_or_add_node(node, index, offset).as_node().map(|node| *node)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn first_child_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn first_child_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         let (element, (index, offset)) = self.green().children_from(0, self.text_range().start()).next()?;
         Some(self.get_or_add_element(element, index, offset))
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn last_child(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn last_child(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         let (node, (index, offset)) = filter_nodes(
             self.green()
                 .children_to(self.green().children().len(), self.text_range().end()),
@@ -610,7 +624,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn last_child_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn last_child_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         let (element, (index, offset)) = self
             .green()
             .children_to(self.green().children().len(), self.text_range().end())
@@ -619,31 +633,31 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_child_after(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_child_after(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         let (node, (index, offset)) = filter_nodes(self.green().children_from(n + 1, offset)).next()?;
         self.get_or_add_node(node, index, offset).as_node().map(|node| *node)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_child_or_token_after(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_child_or_token_after(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         let (element, (index, offset)) = self.green().children_from(n + 1, offset).next()?;
         Some(self.get_or_add_element(element, index, offset))
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn prev_child_before(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_child_before(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         let (node, (index, offset)) = filter_nodes(self.green().children_to(n, offset)).next()?;
         self.get_or_add_node(node, index, offset).as_node().map(|node| *node)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn prev_child_or_token_before(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_child_or_token_before(&self, n: usize, offset: TextSize) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         let (element, (index, offset)) = self.green().children_to(n, offset).next()?;
         Some(self.get_or_add_element(element, index, offset))
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_sibling(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_sibling(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         let (parent, index, _) = self.data().kind.as_child()?;
 
         let (node, (index, offset)) = filter_nodes(
@@ -656,7 +670,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         let (parent, index, _) = self.data().kind.as_child()?;
 
         let (element, (index, offset)) = parent
@@ -667,7 +681,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn prev_sibling(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_sibling(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         let (parent, index, _) = self.data().kind.as_child()?;
 
         let (node, (index, offset)) =
@@ -676,7 +690,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         let (parent, index, _) = self.data().kind.as_child()?;
 
         let (element, (index, offset)) = parent
@@ -688,18 +702,18 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
 
     /// Return the leftmost token in the subtree of this node
     #[inline]
-    pub fn first_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn first_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         self.first_child_or_token()?.first_token()
     }
 
     /// Return the rightmost token in the subtree of this node
     #[inline]
-    pub fn last_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn last_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         self.last_child_or_token()?.last_token()
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn siblings(&self, direction: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn siblings(&self, direction: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         iter::successors(Some(self), move |node| match direction {
             Direction::Next => node.next_sibling(),
             Direction::Prev => node.prev_sibling(),
@@ -707,8 +721,8 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn siblings_with_tokens(&self, direction: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
-        let me: SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D> = self.into();
+    pub fn siblings_with_tokens(&self, direction: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
+        let me: SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R> = self.into();
         iter::successors(Some(me), move |el| match direction {
             Direction::Next => el.next_sibling_or_token(),
             Direction::Prev => el.prev_sibling_or_token(),
@@ -716,7 +730,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn descendants(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn descendants(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         self.preorder().filter_map(|event| match event {
             WalkEvent::Enter(node) => Some(node),
             WalkEvent::Leave(_) => None,
@@ -724,7 +738,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn descendants_with_tokens(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn descendants_with_tokens(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         self.preorder_with_tokens().filter_map(|event| match event {
             WalkEvent::Enter(it) => Some(it),
             WalkEvent::Leave(_) => None,
@@ -733,8 +747,8 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
 
     /// Traverse the subtree rooted at the current node (including the current
     /// node) in preorder, excluding tokens.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn preorder(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = WalkEvent<&SyntaxNode<L, D>>> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn preorder(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = WalkEvent<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>>> {
         iter::successors(Some(WalkEvent::Enter(self)), move |pos| {
             let next = match pos {
                 WalkEvent::Enter(node) => match node.first_child() {
@@ -757,8 +771,8 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
 
     /// Traverse the subtree rooted at the current node (including the current
     /// node) in preorder, including tokens.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn preorder_with_tokens(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = WalkEvent<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>>> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn preorder_with_tokens(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = WalkEvent<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>>> {
         let me = self.into();
         iter::successors(Some(WalkEvent::Enter(me)), move |pos| {
             let next = match pos {
@@ -785,7 +799,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
 
     /// Find a token in the subtree corresponding to this node, which covers the offset.
     /// Precondition: offset must be withing node's range.
-    pub fn token_at_offset(&self, offset: TextSize) -> TokenAtOffset<SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn token_at_offset(&self, offset: TextSize) -> TokenAtOffset<SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         // TODO: this could be faster if we first drill-down to node, and only
         // then switch to token search. We should also replace explicit
         // recursion with a loop.
@@ -823,8 +837,8 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     /// contains the range. If the range is empty and is contained in two leaf
     /// nodes, either one can be returned. Precondition: range must be contained
     /// withing the current node
-    pub fn covering_element(&self, range: TextRange) -> SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D> {
-        let mut res: SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D> = self.into();
+    pub fn covering_element(&self, range: TextRange) -> SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R> {
+        let mut res: SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R> = self.into();
         loop {
             assert!(
                 res.text_range().contains_range(range),
@@ -848,8 +862,36 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxNode<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
-    fn new(parent: &SyntaxNode<L, D>, index: u32, offset: TextSize) -> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxNode<L, D, R>
+where
+    R: Resolver,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn text<'n>(&'n self) -> SyntaxText<'n, 'n, R, L, D, R> {
+        SyntaxText::new(self, self.resolver().as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: Language, D, R> fmt::Debug for SyntaxNode<L, D, R>
+where
+    R: Resolver,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", Self::debug(self, self.resolver().as_ref(), f.alternate()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: Language, D, R> fmt::Display for SyntaxNode<L, D, R>
+where
+    R: Resolver,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", Self::display(self, self.resolver().as_ref()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxToken<L, D, R> {
+    fn new(parent: &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>, index: u32, offset: TextSize) -> SyntaxToken<L, D, R> {
         Self {
             parent: parent.clone_uncounted(),
             index,
@@ -893,7 +935,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn text<'i, I>(&self, resolver: &'i I) -> &'i str
+    pub fn resolve_text<'i, I>(&self, resolver: &'i I) -> &'i str
     where
         I: Resolver + ?Sized,
     {
@@ -911,30 +953,30 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn parent(&self) -> &SyntaxNode<L, D> {
+    pub fn parent(&self) -> &SyntaxNode<L, D, R> {
         &self.parent
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         self.parent().ancestors()
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         self.parent()
             .next_child_or_token_after(self.index as usize, self.text_range().end())
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         self.parent()
             .prev_child_or_token_before(self.index as usize, self.text_range().start())
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn siblings_with_tokens(&self, direction: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
-        let me: SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D> = self.into();
+    pub fn siblings_with_tokens(&self, direction: Direction) -> impl Iterator<Item = SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
+        let me: SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R> = self.into();
         iter::successors(Some(me), move |el| match direction {
             Direction::Next => el.next_sibling_or_token(),
             Direction::Prev => el.prev_sibling_or_token(),
@@ -942,7 +984,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 
     /// Next token in the tree (i.e, not necessary a sibling)
-    pub fn next_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         match self.next_sibling_or_token() {
             Some(element) => element.first_token(),
             None => self
@@ -954,7 +996,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 
     /// Previous token in the tree (i.e, not necessary a sibling)
-    pub fn prev_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         match self.prev_sibling_or_token() {
             Some(element) => element.last_token(),
             None => self
@@ -966,14 +1008,42 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxToken<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxToken<L, D, R>
+where
+    R: Resolver,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn text(&self) -> &str {
+        self.green().text(self.parent().resolver().as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: Language, D, R> fmt::Debug for SyntaxToken<L, D, R>
+where
+    R: Resolver,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", Self::debug(self, self.parent().resolver().as_ref()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: Language, D, R> fmt::Display for SyntaxToken<L, D, R>
+where
+    R: Resolver,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", Self::display(self, self.parent().resolver().as_ref()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: Language, D, R> SyntaxElement<L, D, R> {
     fn new(
         element: GreenElementRef<'_>,
-        parent: &SyntaxNode<L, D>,
+        parent: &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>,
         index: u32,
         offset: TextSize,
         ref_count: *mut AtomicU32,
-    ) -> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
+    ) -> SyntaxElement<L, D, R> {
         match element {
             NodeOrToken::Node(node) => SyntaxNode::new_child(node, parent, index as u32, offset, ref_count).into(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(_) => SyntaxToken::new(parent, index as u32, offset).into(),
@@ -1005,7 +1075,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.parent(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => Some(it.parent()),
@@ -1013,7 +1083,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.ancestors(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => it.parent().ancestors(),
@@ -1021,7 +1091,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn first_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn first_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.first_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => Some(it),
@@ -1029,7 +1099,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn last_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn last_token(&self) -> Option<&SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.last_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => Some(it),
@@ -1037,7 +1107,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.next_sibling_or_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => it.next_sibling_or_token(),
@@ -1045,7 +1115,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'_, L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.prev_sibling_or_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => it.prev_sibling_or_token(),
@@ -1053,7 +1123,7 @@ impl<L: Language, D> SyntaxElement<L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
+impl<'a, L: Language, D, R> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D, R> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn text_range(&self) -> TextRange {
         match self {
@@ -1079,7 +1149,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&'a SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&'a SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.parent(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => Some(it.parent()),
@@ -1087,7 +1157,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a SyntaxNode<L, D>> {
+    pub fn ancestors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a SyntaxNode<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.ancestors(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => it.parent().ancestors(),
@@ -1095,7 +1165,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn first_token(&self) -> Option<&'a SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn first_token(&self) -> Option<&'a SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.first_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => Some(it),
@@ -1103,7 +1173,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn last_token(&self) -> Option<&'a SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    pub fn last_token(&self) -> Option<&'a SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.last_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => Some(it),
@@ -1111,7 +1181,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D>> {
+    pub fn next_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.next_sibling_or_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => it.next_sibling_or_token(),
@@ -1119,7 +1189,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D>> {
+    pub fn prev_sibling_or_token(&self) -> Option<SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D, R>> {
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Node(it) => it.prev_sibling_or_token(),
             NodeOrToken::Token(it) => it.prev_sibling_or_token(),
@@ -1127,7 +1197,7 @@ impl<'a, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementRef<'a, L, D> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn token_at_offset(&self, offset: TextSize) -> TokenAtOffset<SyntaxToken<L, D>> {
+    fn token_at_offset(&self, offset: TextSize) -> TokenAtOffset<SyntaxToken<L, D, R>> {
         assert!(self.text_range().start() <= offset && offset <= self.text_range().end());
         match self {
             NodeOrToken::Token(token) => TokenAtOffset::Single((*token).clone()),
@@ -1144,7 +1214,7 @@ struct Iter<'n> {
 }
 
 impl<'n> Iter<'n> {
-    fn new<L: Language, D>(parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>) -> Self {
+    fn new<L: Language, D, R>(parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>) -> Self {
         let offset = parent.text_range().start();
         let green: Children<'_> = parent.green().children();
         Iter {
@@ -1167,14 +1237,14 @@ impl<'n> Iter<'n> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L: Language, D: 'static = ()> {
+pub struct SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L: Language, D: 'static = (), R: 'static = ()> {
     inner:  Iter<'n>,
-    parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>,
+    parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>,
 }
 
-impl<'n, L: Language, D> SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L, D> {
+impl<'n, L: Language, D, R> SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L, D, R> {
     #[inline]
-    fn new(parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>) -> Self {
+    fn new(parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Iter::new(parent),
             parent,
@@ -1182,8 +1252,8 @@ impl<'n, L: Language, D> SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'n, L: Language, D> Iterator for SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L, D> {
-    type Item = &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>;
+impl<'n, L: Language, D, R> Iterator for SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L, D, R> {
+    type Item = &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>;
 
     #[inline(always)]
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
@@ -1197,14 +1267,14 @@ impl<'n, L: Language, D> Iterator for SyntaxNodeChildren<'n, L, D> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct SyntaxElementChildren<'n, L: Language, D: 'static = ()> {
+pub struct SyntaxElementChildren<'n, L: Language, D: 'static = (), R: 'static = ()> {
     inner:  Iter<'n>,
-    parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>,
+    parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>,
 }
 
-impl<'n, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementChildren<'n, L, D> {
+impl<'n, L: Language, D, R> SyntaxElementChildren<'n, L, D, R> {
     #[inline]
-    fn new(parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>) -> Self {
+    fn new(parent: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>) -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: Iter::new(parent),
             parent,
@@ -1212,8 +1282,8 @@ impl<'n, L: Language, D> SyntaxElementChildren<'n, L, D> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'n, L: Language, D> Iterator for SyntaxElementChildren<'n, L, D> {
-    type Item = SyntaxElementRef<'n, L, D>;
+impl<'n, L: Language, D, R> Iterator for SyntaxElementChildren<'n, L, D, R> {
+    type Item = SyntaxElementRef<'n, L, D, R>;
 
     #[inline(always)]
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
diff --git a/src/syntax_text.rs b/src/syntax_text.rs
index ea2b98a..b3cc668 100644
--- a/src/syntax_text.rs
+++ b/src/syntax_text.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ use std::fmt;
 use crate::{interning::Resolver, Language, SyntaxNode, SyntaxToken, TextRange, TextSize};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I: ?Sized, L: Language, D: 'static = ()> {
-    node:     &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>,
+pub struct SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I: ?Sized, L: Language, D: 'static = (), R: 'static = ()> {
+    node:     &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>,
     range:    TextRange,
     resolver: &'i I,
 }
 
-impl<'n, 'i, I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I, L, D> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(node: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D>, resolver: &'i I) -> Self {
+impl<'n, 'i, I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I, L, D, R> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(node: &'n SyntaxNode<L, D, R>, resolver: &'i I) -> Self {
         let range = node.text_range();
         SyntaxText { node, range, resolver }
     }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl<'n, 'i, I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I, L, D> {
         found(res)
     }
 
-    pub fn slice<R: private::SyntaxTextRange>(&self, range: R) -> Self {
+    pub fn slice<Ra: private::SyntaxTextRange>(&self, range: Ra) -> Self {
         let start = range.start().unwrap_or_default();
         let end = range.end().unwrap_or(self.len());
         assert!(start <= end);
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl<'n, 'i, I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I, L, D> {
         F: FnMut(T, &str) -> Result<T, E>,
     {
         self.tokens_with_ranges().try_fold(init, move |acc, (token, range)| {
-            f(acc, &token.text(self.resolver)[range])
+            f(acc, &token.resolve_text(self.resolver)[range])
         })
     }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl<'n, 'i, I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> SyntaxText<'n, 'i, I, L, D> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn tokens_with_ranges(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&SyntaxToken<L, D>, TextRange)> {
+    fn tokens_with_ranges(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&SyntaxToken<L, D, R>, TextRange)> {
         let text_range = self.range;
         self.node
             .descendants_with_tokens()
@@ -124,25 +124,25 @@ fn found<T>(res: Result<(), T>) -> Option<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> fmt::Debug for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D> {
+impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> fmt::Debug for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.to_string(), f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> fmt::Display for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D> {
+impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> fmt::Display for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.try_for_each_chunk(|chunk| fmt::Display::fmt(chunk, f))
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> From<SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D>> for String {
-    fn from(text: SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D>) -> String {
+impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> From<SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R>> for String {
+    fn from(text: SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R>) -> String {
         text.to_string()
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> PartialEq<str> for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D> {
+impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> PartialEq<str> for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R> {
     fn eq(&self, mut rhs: &str) -> bool {
         self.try_for_each_chunk(|chunk| {
             if !rhs.starts_with(chunk) {
@@ -156,33 +156,33 @@ impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> PartialEq<str> for SyntaxText<'_, '_,
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> PartialEq<SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D>> for str {
-    fn eq(&self, rhs: &SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D>) -> bool {
+impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> PartialEq<SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R>> for str {
+    fn eq(&self, rhs: &SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R>) -> bool {
         rhs == self
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> PartialEq<&'_ str> for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D> {
+impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> PartialEq<&'_ str> for SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R> {
     fn eq(&self, rhs: &&str) -> bool {
         self == *rhs
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D> PartialEq<SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D>> for &'_ str {
-    fn eq(&self, rhs: &SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D>) -> bool {
+impl<I: Resolver + ?Sized, L: Language, D, R> PartialEq<SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R>> for &'_ str {
+    fn eq(&self, rhs: &SyntaxText<'_, '_, I, L, D, R>) -> bool {
         rhs == self
     }
 }
 
-impl<'n1, 'i1, 'n2, 'i2, I1, I2, D1, D2, L1, L2> PartialEq<SyntaxText<'n2, 'i2, I2, L2, D2>>
-    for SyntaxText<'n1, 'i1, I1, L1, D1>
+impl<'n1, 'i1, 'n2, 'i2, I1, I2, L1, L2, D1, D2, R1, R2> PartialEq<SyntaxText<'n2, 'i2, I2, L2, D2, R2>>
+    for SyntaxText<'n1, 'i1, I1, L1, D1, R1>
 where
     L1: Language,
     L2: Language,
     I1: Resolver + ?Sized,
     I2: Resolver + ?Sized,
 {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &SyntaxText<'_, '_, I2, L2, D2>) -> bool {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &SyntaxText<'_, '_, I2, L2, D2, R2>) -> bool {
         if self.range.len() != other.range.len() {
             return false;
         }
@@ -194,19 +194,21 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-fn zip_texts<'it1, 'it2, It1, It2, I1, I2, L1, L2, D1, D2>(
+fn zip_texts<'it1, 'it2, It1, It2, I1, I2, L1, L2, D1, D2, R1, R2>(
     xs: &mut It1,
     ys: &mut It2,
     resolver_x: &I1,
     resolver_y: &I2,
 ) -> Option<()>
 where
-    It1: Iterator<Item = (&'it1 SyntaxToken<L1, D1>, TextRange)>,
-    It2: Iterator<Item = (&'it2 SyntaxToken<L2, D2>, TextRange)>,
+    It1: Iterator<Item = (&'it1 SyntaxToken<L1, D1, R1>, TextRange)>,
+    It2: Iterator<Item = (&'it2 SyntaxToken<L2, D2, R2>, TextRange)>,
     I1: Resolver + ?Sized,
     I2: Resolver + ?Sized,
     D1: 'static,
     D2: 'static,
+    R1: 'static,
+    R2: 'static,
     L1: Language + 'it1,
     L2: Language + 'it2,
 {
@@ -219,8 +221,8 @@ where
         while y.1.is_empty() {
             y = ys.next()?;
         }
-        let x_text = &x.0.text(resolver_x)[x.1];
-        let y_text = &y.0.text(resolver_y)[y.1];
+        let x_text = &x.0.resolve_text(resolver_x)[x.1];
+        let y_text = &y.0.resolve_text(resolver_y)[y.1];
         if !(x_text.starts_with(y_text) || y_text.starts_with(x_text)) {
             return Some(());
         }
@@ -328,9 +330,9 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_text_equality() {
         fn do_check(t1: &[&str], t2: &[&str]) {
             let (t1, resolver) = build_tree(t1);
-            let t1 = t1.text(&resolver);
+            let t1 = t1.resolve_text(&resolver);
             let (t2, resolver) = build_tree(t2);
-            let t2 = t2.text(&resolver);
+            let t2 = t2.resolve_text(&resolver);
             let expected = t1.to_string() == t2.to_string();
             let actual = t1 == t2;
             assert_eq!(expected, actual, "`{}` (SyntaxText) `{}` (SyntaxText)", t1, t2);
diff --git a/tests/basic.rs b/tests/basic.rs
index 382092d..54ea9f5 100644
--- a/tests/basic.rs
+++ b/tests/basic.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 mod common;
 
 use common::TestLang;
-use cstree::{GreenNodeBuilder, SyntaxKind, SyntaxNode, TextRange};
-use lasso::Resolver;
+use cstree::{GreenNode, GreenNodeBuilder, NodeCache, SyntaxKind, TextRange};
+use lasso::{Interner, Resolver, Rodeo};
+
+type SyntaxNode<D = (), R = ()> = cstree::SyntaxNode<TestLang, D, R>;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum Element<'s> {
@@ -19,14 +21,28 @@ fn two_level_tree() -> Element<'static> {
     ])
 }
 
-fn build_tree<D>(root: &Element<'_>) -> (SyntaxNode<TestLang, D>, impl Resolver) {
+fn build_tree<D>(root: &Element<'_>) -> (SyntaxNode<D>, impl Resolver) {
     let mut builder = GreenNodeBuilder::new();
     build_recursive(root, &mut builder, 0);
     let (node, interner) = builder.finish();
     (SyntaxNode::new_root(node), interner.unwrap())
 }
 
-fn build_recursive(root: &Element<'_>, builder: &mut GreenNodeBuilder, mut from: u16) -> u16 {
+fn build_tree_with_cache<'c, 'i, I>(root: &Element<'_>, cache: &'c mut NodeCache<'i, I>) -> GreenNode
+where
+    I: Interner,
+{
+    let mut builder = GreenNodeBuilder::with_cache(cache);
+    build_recursive(root, &mut builder, 0);
+    let (node, interner) = builder.finish();
+    assert!(interner.is_none());
+    node
+}
+
+fn build_recursive<'c, 'i, I>(root: &Element<'_>, builder: &mut GreenNodeBuilder<'c, 'i, I>, mut from: u16) -> u16
+where
+    I: Interner,
+{
     match root {
         Element::Node(children) => {
             builder.start_node(SyntaxKind(from));
@@ -53,7 +69,7 @@ fn create() {
         let leaf1_0 = leaf1_0.into_token().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(leaf1_0.syntax_kind(), SyntaxKind(5));
         assert_eq!(leaf1_0.kind(), SyntaxKind(5));
-        assert_eq!(leaf1_0.text(&resolver), "1.0");
+        assert_eq!(leaf1_0.resolve_text(&resolver), "1.0");
         assert_eq!(leaf1_0.text_range(), TextRange::at(6.into(), 3.into()));
     }
     {
@@ -61,7 +77,7 @@ fn create() {
         assert_eq!(node2.syntax_kind(), SyntaxKind(6));
         assert_eq!(node2.kind(), SyntaxKind(6));
         assert_eq!(node2.children_with_tokens().count(), 3);
-        assert_eq!(node2.text(&resolver), "2.02.12.2");
+        assert_eq!(node2.resolve_text(&resolver), "2.02.12.2");
     }
 }
 
@@ -98,3 +114,56 @@ fn data() {
         assert_eq!(node2.get_data(), None);
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn with_interner() {
+    let mut interner = Rodeo::new();
+    let mut cache = NodeCache::with_interner(&mut interner);
+    let tree = two_level_tree();
+    let tree = build_tree_with_cache(&tree, &mut cache);
+    let tree: SyntaxNode = SyntaxNode::new_root(tree);
+    let resolver = interner;
+    {
+        let leaf1_0 = tree.children().nth(1).unwrap().children_with_tokens().nth(0).unwrap();
+        let leaf1_0 = leaf1_0.into_token().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(leaf1_0.resolve_text(&resolver), "1.0");
+        assert_eq!(leaf1_0.text_range(), TextRange::at(6.into(), 3.into()));
+    }
+    {
+        let node2 = tree.children().nth(2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(node2.resolve_text(&resolver), "2.02.12.2");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn inline_resolver() {
+    let mut interner = Rodeo::new();
+    let mut cache = NodeCache::with_interner(&mut interner);
+    let tree = two_level_tree();
+    let tree = build_tree_with_cache(&tree, &mut cache);
+    let tree: SyntaxNode<(), Rodeo> = SyntaxNode::new_root_with_resolver(tree, interner);
+    {
+        let leaf1_0 = tree.children().nth(1).unwrap().children_with_tokens().nth(0).unwrap();
+        let leaf1_0 = leaf1_0.into_token().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(leaf1_0.text(), "1.0");
+        assert_eq!(leaf1_0.text_range(), TextRange::at(6.into(), 3.into()));
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", leaf1_0), leaf1_0.text());
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", leaf1_0), "SyntaxKind(5)@6..9 \"1.0\"");
+    }
+    {
+        let node2 = tree.children().nth(2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(node2.text(), "2.02.12.2");
+        let resolver = node2.resolver();
+        assert_eq!(node2.resolve_text(resolver.as_ref()), node2.text());
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", node2).as_str(), node2.text());
+        assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", node2), "SyntaxKind(6)@9..18");
+        assert_eq!(
+            format!("{:#?}", node2),
+            r#"SyntaxKind(6)@9..18
+  SyntaxKind(7)@9..12 "2.0"
+  SyntaxKind(8)@12..15 "2.1"
+  SyntaxKind(9)@15..18 "2.2"
+"#
+        );
+    }
+}