Documentation: Add explanation about AHCI locking

Documentation/Kernel/AHCILocking.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# AHCI Locking
+
+## Introduction to hard locks, soft locks and what they do
+
+### Soft lock - `Lock`
+
+A soft lock is basically a regular lock in the kernel. We use it
+with a `Locker` class, to create a scoped locking of that lock:
+
+```c++
+Locker locker(m_lock);
+
+...
+...
+
+return true;
+```
+
+This lock doesn't disable interrupts at all, and if it already in use, the scheduler will simply yield away from that section until it tries to lock it again.
+
+### Hard lock - `SpinLock<u8>`
+
+A hard lock is essentially a lock that is used in critical sections in the kernel. We use it with a `ScopedSpinLock` class, to create a scoped locking of that lock:
+
+```c++
+ScopedSpinLock lock(m_lock);
+
+...
+...
+
+return true;
+```
+
+### Why we need soft and hard locking in the AHCI code?
+
+First of all, the proper way of taking a `SpinLock` and `Lock` is to:
+```c++
+Locker locker(m_soft_lock);
+ScopedSpinLock lock(m_spinlock);
+
+...
+...
+
+return true;
+```
+
+This sequence is relevant for any pattern of taking a soft and hard lock together in the kernel.
+The reason for this order is that `SpinLock` will disable interrupts, while `Lock` will still allow the system to yield execution 
+to another thread if we can't lock the soft lock, because interrupts are not disabled. Taking a `SpinLock` and then a `Lock` is considered a bug, because we already disabled interrupts so yielding from this section is not possible anymore.
+
+We need both types of locking to implement hardware access safely.
+When we use the `SpinLock` object, we ensure that only one CPU can run the scoped code section without any interruptions at all. This is important, because interrupts can be fatal in essentially what is a critical section.
+
+We use the `Lock` object for basically anything else, most of the time together with `SpinLock` as described earlier. This object becomes important when we schedule IO work to happen in the IO `WorkQueue`.
+When we run in `WorkQueue`, it is guaranteed that we will have interrupts enabled - therefore we will not use the `SpinLock` to allow the kernel to handle page fault interrupts, but we still want to ensure no other concurrent operation can happen, so we still hold the `Lock`.

Kernel/Storage/AHCIPort.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
  */
 
+// For more information about locking in this code
+// please look at Documentation/Kernel/AHCILocking.md
+
 #include <AK/Atomic.h>
 #include <Kernel/SpinLock.h>
 #include <Kernel/Storage/AHCIPort.h>