AK: Borrow exact format syntax form std::format.

Instead of just implementing format specifiers ad-hog this commit
implements the exact syntax std::format uses.

There are still a ton of features that are not supported by this
implementation, however, the format specifiers should be parsed
correctly.

In some cases however, the format specifiers aren't quite parsed
correctly, for example:

    String::formatted("{:{}}", 42, 4)

should produce the string "  42" however an (unrelated) assertion fails.
This is because vformat doesn't consider nested parentheses. I have to
spend some time coming up with a simple way of doing this, I don't feel
like doing that right now.

The fundamental code for this already exists, by limiting the number of
format arguments (arbitrarily) to 256 large widths are used to encode
that these should be taken from other format parameters.

AK/Format.h

@@ -38,35 +38,75 @@ namespace AK {
 template<typename T, typename = void>
 struct Formatter;
 
+struct TypeErasedParameter {
+    const void* value;
+    void (*formatter)(StringBuilder& builder, const void* value, StringView specifier, Span<const TypeErasedParameter> parameters);
+};
+
 } // namespace AK
 
 namespace AK::Detail::Format {
 
 template<typename T>
-bool format_value(StringBuilder& builder, const void* value, StringView flags)
+void format_value(StringBuilder& builder, const void* value, StringView specifier, AK::Span<const TypeErasedParameter> parameters)
 {
     Formatter<T> formatter;
 
-    if (!formatter.parse(flags))
-        return false;
-
-    formatter.format(builder, *static_cast<const T*>(value));
-    return true;
+    formatter.parse(specifier);
+    formatter.format(builder, *static_cast<const T*>(value), parameters);
 }
 
 } // namespace AK::Detail::Format
 
 namespace AK {
 
-struct TypeErasedParameter {
-    const void* value;
-    bool (*formatter)(StringBuilder& builder, const void* value, StringView flags);
+constexpr size_t max_format_arguments = 256;
+
+// We use the same format for most types for consistency. This is taken directly from std::format.
+// Not all valid options do anything yet.
+// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format/formatter#Standard_format_specification
+struct StandardFormatter {
+    enum class Align {
+        Default,
+        Left,
+        Right,
+        Center,
+    };
+    enum class Sign {
+        NegativeOnly,
+        PositiveAndNegative,
+        ReserveSpace,
+        Default = NegativeOnly
+    };
+    enum class Mode {
+        Default,
+        Binary,
+        Decimal,
+        Octal,
+        Hexadecimal,
+        Character,
+        String,
+        Pointer,
+    };
+
+    static constexpr size_t value_not_set = 0;
+    static constexpr size_t value_from_arg = NumericLimits<size_t>::max() - max_format_arguments;
+
+    Align m_align = Align::Default;
+    Sign m_sign = Sign::NegativeOnly;
+    Mode m_mode = Mode::Default;
+    bool m_alternative_form = false;
+    char m_fill = ' ';
+    bool m_zero_pad = false;
+    size_t m_width = value_not_set;
+    size_t m_precision = value_not_set;
+
+    void parse(StringView specifier);
 };
 
 template<>
-struct Formatter<StringView> {
-    bool parse(StringView flags);
-    void format(StringBuilder& builder, StringView value);
+struct Formatter<StringView> : StandardFormatter {
+    void format(StringBuilder& builder, StringView value, Span<const TypeErasedParameter>);
 };
 template<>
 struct Formatter<const char*> : Formatter<StringView> {
@@ -82,18 +122,14 @@ struct Formatter<String> : Formatter<StringView> {
 };
 
 template<typename T>
-struct Formatter<T, typename EnableIf<IsIntegral<T>::value>::Type> {
-    bool parse(StringView flags);
-    void format(StringBuilder&, T value);
-
-    bool zero_pad { false };
-    bool hexadecimal { false };
-    size_t field_width { 0 };
+struct Formatter<T, typename EnableIf<IsIntegral<T>::value>::Type> : StandardFormatter {
+    void format(StringBuilder&, T value, Span<const TypeErasedParameter>);
 };
 
 template<typename... Parameters>
 Array<TypeErasedParameter, sizeof...(Parameters)> make_type_erased_parameters(const Parameters&... parameters)
 {
+    static_assert(sizeof...(Parameters) <= max_format_arguments);
     return { TypeErasedParameter { &parameters, Detail::Format::format_value<Parameters> }... };
 }