diff --git a/.clippy.toml b/.clippy.toml
index 89fd1cccd..6339ccf21 100644
--- a/.clippy.toml
+++ b/.clippy.toml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-msrv = "1.70.0"
+msrv = "1.79.0"
 cognitive-complexity-threshold = 24
 missing-docs-in-crate-items = true
 check-private-items = true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/CICD.yml b/.github/workflows/CICD.yml
index c8993b121..e4c0fa345 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/CICD.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/CICD.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ env:
   PROJECT_NAME: coreutils
   PROJECT_DESC: "Core universal (cross-platform) utilities"
   PROJECT_AUTH: "uutils"
-  RUST_MIN_SRV: "1.70.0"
+  RUST_MIN_SRV: "1.79.0"
   # * style job configuration
   STYLE_FAIL_ON_FAULT: true ## (bool) fail the build if a style job contains a fault (error or warning); may be overridden on a per-job basis
 
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v2
 
   style_deps:
@@ -54,6 +56,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: windows-latest , features: feat_os_windows }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
     ## note: requires 'nightly' toolchain b/c `cargo-udeps` uses the `rustc` '-Z save-analysis' option
     ## * ... ref: <https://github.com/est31/cargo-udeps/issues/73>
@@ -106,13 +110,15 @@ jobs:
 #          - { os: windows-latest , features: feat_os_windows }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: stable
         components: clippy
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Initialize workflow variables
       id: vars
       shell: bash
@@ -139,7 +145,7 @@ jobs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         RUSTDOCFLAGS="-Dwarnings" cargo doc  ${{ steps.vars.outputs.CARGO_FEATURES_OPTION }} --no-deps --workspace --document-private-items
-    - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v17
+    - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v18
       with:
         fix: "true"
         globs: |
@@ -159,6 +165,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_MIN_SRV }}
@@ -166,7 +174,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Initialize workflow variables
       id: vars
       shell: bash
@@ -227,6 +235,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: "`cargo update` testing"
@@ -250,11 +260,13 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
     - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: "`make build`"
       shell: bash
       run: |
@@ -304,11 +316,13 @@ jobs:
           - { os: windows-latest , features: feat_os_windows }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
     - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Test
       run: cargo nextest run --hide-progress-bar --profile ci --features ${{ matrix.job.features }}
       env:
@@ -331,11 +345,13 @@ jobs:
           - { os: windows-latest , features: feat_os_windows }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
     - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Test
       run: cargo nextest run --hide-progress-bar --profile ci --features ${{ matrix.job.features }}
       env:
@@ -355,10 +371,12 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Install dependencies
       shell: bash
       run: |
@@ -397,14 +415,14 @@ jobs:
               --arg multisize "$SIZE_MULTI" \
               '{($date): { sha: $sha, size: $size, multisize: $multisize, }}' > size-result.json
     - name: Download the previous individual size result
-      uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v6
+      uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v7
       with:
         workflow: CICD.yml
         name: individual-size-result
         repo: uutils/coreutils
         path: dl
     - name: Download the previous size result
-      uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v6
+      uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v7
       with:
         workflow: CICD.yml
         name: size-result
@@ -485,6 +503,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: windows-latest , target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc     , features: feat_os_windows, use-cross: use-cross , skip-tests: true }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_MIN_SRV }}
@@ -493,7 +513,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         key: "${{ matrix.job.os }}_${{ matrix.job.target }}"
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Initialize workflow variables
       id: vars
       shell: bash
@@ -753,6 +773,7 @@ jobs:
       uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
       if: steps.vars.outputs.DEPLOY
       with:
+        draft: true
         files: |
           ${{ steps.vars.outputs.STAGING }}/${{ steps.vars.outputs.PKG_NAME }}
           ${{ steps.vars.outputs.STAGING }}/${{ steps.vars.outputs.DPKG_NAME }}
@@ -779,9 +800,11 @@ jobs:
         ## VARs setup
         echo "TEST_SUMMARY_FILE=busybox-result.json" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Install/setup prerequisites
       shell: bash
       run: |
@@ -859,13 +882,15 @@ jobs:
         TEST_SUMMARY_FILE="toybox-result.json"
         outputs TEST_SUMMARY_FILE
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_MIN_SRV }}
         components: rustfmt
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Build coreutils as multiple binaries
       shell: bash
       run: |
@@ -934,6 +959,8 @@ jobs:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: build and test all programs individually
diff --git a/.github/workflows/CheckScripts.yml b/.github/workflows/CheckScripts.yml
index c18c4733c..4800cd285 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/CheckScripts.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/CheckScripts.yml
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ jobs:
       contents: read
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
       - name: Run ShellCheck
         uses: ludeeus/action-shellcheck@master
         env:
@@ -46,6 +48,8 @@ jobs:
       contents: read
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
       - name: Setup shfmt
         uses: mfinelli/setup-shfmt@v3
       - name: Run shfmt
diff --git a/.github/workflows/FixPR.yml b/.github/workflows/FixPR.yml
index e837b3546..5cd7fe647 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/FixPR.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/FixPR.yml
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Initialize job variables
       id: vars
       shell: bash
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Initialize job variables
       id: vars
       shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/GnuComment.yml b/.github/workflows/GnuComment.yml
index 36c54490c..987343723 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/GnuComment.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/GnuComment.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
   workflow_run:
     workflows: ["GnuTests"]
     types:
-      - completed
+      - completed  # zizmor: ignore[dangerous-triggers]
 
 permissions: {}
 jobs:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/GnuTests.yml b/.github/workflows/GnuTests.yml
index 113cb1e97..0b9d8ce7f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/GnuTests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/GnuTests.yml
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
+env:
+  DEFAULT_BRANCH: ${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}
+
 jobs:
   gnu:
     permissions:
@@ -45,9 +48,9 @@ jobs:
         path_reference="reference"
         outputs path_GNU path_GNU_tests path_reference path_UUTILS
         #
-        repo_default_branch="${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}"
+        repo_default_branch="$DEFAULT_BRANCH"
         repo_GNU_ref="v9.5"
-        repo_reference_branch="${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}"
+        repo_reference_branch="$DEFAULT_BRANCH"
         outputs repo_default_branch repo_GNU_ref repo_reference_branch
         #
         SUITE_LOG_FILE="${path_GNU_tests}/test-suite.log"
@@ -62,6 +65,7 @@ jobs:
       uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
         path: '${{ steps.vars.outputs.path_UUTILS }}'
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: stable
@@ -76,6 +80,7 @@ jobs:
         path: '${{ steps.vars.outputs.path_GNU }}'
         ref: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.repo_GNU_ref }}
         submodules: false
+        persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Override submodule URL and initialize submodules
       # Use github instead of upstream git server
@@ -86,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       working-directory: ${{ steps.vars.outputs.path_GNU }}
 
     - name: Retrieve reference artifacts
-      uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v6
+      uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v7
       # ref: <https://github.com/dawidd6/action-download-artifact>
       continue-on-error: true ## don't break the build for missing reference artifacts (may be expired or just not generated yet)
       with:
@@ -244,11 +249,16 @@ jobs:
             CURRENT_RUN_ERROR=$(sed -n "s/^ERROR: \([[:print:]]\+\).*/\1/p" "${new_log_file}" | sort)
             REF_FAILING=$(sed -n "s/^FAIL: \([[:print:]]\+\).*/\1/p" "${ref_log_file}"| sort)
             CURRENT_RUN_FAILING=$(sed -n "s/^FAIL: \([[:print:]]\+\).*/\1/p" "${new_log_file}" | sort)
-            echo "Detailled information:"
+            REF_SKIP=$(sed -n "s/^SKIP: \([[:print:]]\+\).*/\1/p" "${ref_log_file}"| sort)
+            CURRENT_RUN_SKIP=$(sed -n "s/^SKIP: \([[:print:]]\+\).*/\1/p" "${new_log_file}" | sort)
+
+            echo "Detailed information:"
             echo "REF_ERROR = ${REF_ERROR}"
             echo "CURRENT_RUN_ERROR = ${CURRENT_RUN_ERROR}"
             echo "REF_FAILING = ${REF_FAILING}"
             echo "CURRENT_RUN_FAILING = ${CURRENT_RUN_FAILING}"
+            echo "REF_SKIP_PASS = ${REF_SKIP}"
+            echo "CURRENT_RUN_SKIP = ${CURRENT_RUN_SKIP}"
 
             # Compare failing and error tests
             for LINE in ${CURRENT_RUN_FAILING}
@@ -303,11 +313,22 @@ jobs:
             do
               if ! grep -Fxq ${LINE}<<<"${CURRENT_RUN_ERROR}"
               then
-                MSG="Congrats! The gnu test ${LINE} is no longer ERROR!"
+                MSG="Congrats! The gnu test ${LINE} is no longer ERROR! (might be PASS or FAIL)"
                 echo "::warning ::$MSG"
                 echo $MSG >> ${COMMENT_LOG}
               fi
             done
+
+            for LINE in ${REF_SKIP}
+            do
+              if ! grep -Fxq ${LINE}<<<"${CURRENT_RUN_SKIP}"
+              then
+                MSG="Congrats! The gnu test ${LINE} is no longer SKIP! (might be PASS, ERROR or FAIL)"
+                echo "::warning ::$MSG"
+                echo $MSG >> ${COMMENT_LOG}
+              fi
+            done
+
           else
             echo "::warning ::Skipping ${test_type} test failure comparison; no prior reference test logs are available."
           fi
diff --git a/.github/workflows/android.yml b/.github/workflows/android.yml
index d920ad801..a7dcbdbbd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/android.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/android.yml
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ jobs:
         sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
         sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Collect information about runner
       if: always()
       continue-on-error: true
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ jobs:
           util/android-commands.sh sync_host
           util/android-commands.sh build
           util/android-commands.sh tests
-          if [[ "${{ steps.rust-cache.outputs.cache-hit }}" != 'true' ]]; then util/android-commands.sh sync_image; fi; exit 0
+          if [ "${{ steps.rust-cache.outputs.cache-hit }}" != 'true' ]; then util/android-commands.sh sync_image; fi; exit 0
     - name: Collect information about runner ressources
       if: always()
       continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml b/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml
index cd1334c2e..814da316a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/code-quality.yml
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: stable
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
         ## VARs setup
         outputs() { step_id="${{ github.action }}"; for var in "$@" ; do echo steps.${step_id}.outputs.${var}="${!var}"; echo "${var}=${!var}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT; done; }
         # failure mode
-        unset FAIL_ON_FAULT ; case '${{ env.STYLE_FAIL_ON_FAULT }}' in
+        unset FAIL_ON_FAULT ; case "$STYLE_FAIL_ON_FAULT" in
           ''|0|f|false|n|no|off) FAULT_TYPE=warning ;;
           *) FAIL_ON_FAULT=true ; FAULT_TYPE=error ;;
         esac;
@@ -75,13 +77,15 @@ jobs:
           - { os: windows-latest , features: feat_os_windows }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: stable
         components: clippy
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Initialize workflow variables
       id: vars
       shell: bash
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
         ## VARs setup
         outputs() { step_id="${{ github.action }}"; for var in "$@" ; do echo steps.${step_id}.outputs.${var}="${!var}"; echo "${var}=${!var}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT; done; }
         # failure mode
-        unset FAIL_ON_FAULT ; case '${{ env.STYLE_FAIL_ON_FAULT }}' in
+        unset FAIL_ON_FAULT ; case "$STYLE_FAIL_ON_FAULT" in
           ''|0|f|false|n|no|off) FAULT_TYPE=warning ;;
           *) FAIL_ON_FAULT=true ; FAULT_TYPE=error ;;
         esac;
@@ -120,6 +124,8 @@ jobs:
           - { os: ubuntu-latest , features: feat_os_unix }
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - name: Initialize workflow variables
       id: vars
       shell: bash
@@ -127,7 +133,7 @@ jobs:
         ## VARs setup
         outputs() { step_id="${{ github.action }}"; for var in "$@" ; do echo steps.${step_id}.outputs.${var}="${!var}"; echo "${var}=${!var}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT; done; }
         # failure mode
-        unset FAIL_ON_FAULT ; case '${{ env.STYLE_FAIL_ON_FAULT }}' in
+        unset FAIL_ON_FAULT ; case "$STYLE_FAIL_ON_FAULT" in
           ''|0|f|false|n|no|off) FAULT_TYPE=warning ;;
           *) FAIL_ON_FAULT=true ; FAULT_TYPE=error ;;
         esac;
@@ -156,6 +162,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Clone repository
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Check
         run: npx --yes @taplo/cli fmt --check
diff --git a/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml b/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml
index b31ac3353..27ff2afe4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml
@@ -35,11 +35,13 @@ jobs:
       RUSTC_WRAPPER: "sccache"
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Prepare, build and test
-      uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1.1.5
+      uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1.1.6
       with:
         usesh: true
         sync: rsync
@@ -127,11 +129,13 @@ jobs:
       RUSTC_WRAPPER: "sccache"
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
     - name: Run sccache-cache
-      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.6
+      uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.7
     - name: Prepare, build and test
-      uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1.1.5
+      uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1.1.6
       with:
         usesh: true
         sync: rsync
diff --git a/.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml b/.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml
index 3adc52734..c8e2c8014 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/fuzzing.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
     - name: Install `cargo-fuzz`
       run: cargo install cargo-fuzz
@@ -63,6 +65,8 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      with:
+        persist-credentials: false
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
     - name: Install `cargo-fuzz`
       run: cargo install cargo-fuzz
diff --git a/.vscode/cspell.dictionaries/jargon.wordlist.txt b/.vscode/cspell.dictionaries/jargon.wordlist.txt
index c2e01f508..4109630e5 100644
--- a/.vscode/cspell.dictionaries/jargon.wordlist.txt
+++ b/.vscode/cspell.dictionaries/jargon.wordlist.txt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ bytewise
 canonicalization
 canonicalize
 canonicalizing
+capget
 codepoint
 codepoints
 codegen
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ kibi
 kibibytes
 libacl
 lcase
+llistxattr
 lossily
 lstat
 mebi
@@ -108,6 +110,7 @@ seedable
 semver
 semiprime
 semiprimes
+setcap
 setfacl
 shortcode
 shortcodes
@@ -157,6 +160,8 @@ retval
 subdir
 val
 vals
+inval
+nofield
 
 # * clippy
 uninlined
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b59405071..642b3fdda 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 version = 3
 
 [[package]]
-name = "adler"
-version = "1.0.2"
+name = "adler2"
+version = "2.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
+checksum = "512761e0bb2578dd7380c6baaa0f4ce03e84f95e960231d1dec8bf4d7d6e2627"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ahash"
@@ -61,23 +61,24 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.6.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b1f58811cfac344940f1a400b6e6231ce35171f614f26439e80f8c1465c5cc0c"
+checksum = "8acc5369981196006228e28809f761875c0327210a891e941f4c683b3a99529b"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "anstyle-parse",
  "anstyle-query",
  "anstyle-wincon",
  "colorchoice",
+ "is_terminal_polyfill",
  "utf8parse",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.0.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "41ed9a86bf92ae6580e0a31281f65a1b1d867c0cc68d5346e2ae128dddfa6a7d"
+checksum = "55cc3b69f167a1ef2e161439aa98aed94e6028e5f9a59be9a6ffb47aef1651f9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-parse"
@@ -99,12 +100,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle-wincon"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "3.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58f54d10c6dfa51283a066ceab3ec1ab78d13fae00aa49243a45e4571fb79dfd"
+checksum = "2109dbce0e72be3ec00bed26e6a7479ca384ad226efdd66db8fa2e3a38c83125"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -136,9 +137,9 @@ checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bigdecimal"
-version = "0.4.6"
+version = "0.4.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8f850665a0385e070b64c38d2354e6c104c8479c59868d1e48a0c13ee2c7a1c1"
+checksum = "7f31f3af01c5c65a07985c804d3366560e6fa7883d640a122819b14ec327482c"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "libm",
@@ -182,24 +183,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "rustc-hash",
  "shlex",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bit-set"
-version = "0.5.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0700ddab506f33b20a03b13996eccd309a48e5ff77d0d95926aa0210fb4e95f1"
-dependencies = [
- "bit-vec",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "bit-vec"
-version = "0.6.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "349f9b6a179ed607305526ca489b34ad0a41aed5f7980fa90eb03160b69598fb"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
@@ -237,9 +223,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake3"
-version = "1.5.4"
+version = "1.5.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d82033247fd8e890df8f740e407ad4d038debb9eb1f40533fffb32e7d17dc6f7"
+checksum = "b8ee0c1824c4dea5b5f81736aff91bae041d2c07ee1192bec91054e10e3e601e"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayref",
  "arrayvec",
@@ -259,9 +245,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40723b8fb387abc38f4f4a37c09073622e41dd12327033091ef8950659e6dc0c"
+checksum = "786a307d683a5bf92e6fd5fd69a7eb613751668d1d8d67d802846dfe367c62c8"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "regex-automata",
@@ -270,9 +256,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.11.1"
+version = "3.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "572f695136211188308f16ad2ca5c851a712c464060ae6974944458eb83880ba"
+checksum = "79296716171880943b8470b5f8d03aa55eb2e645a4874bdbb28adb49162e012c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytecount"
@@ -318,9 +304,9 @@ checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.38"
+version = "0.4.39"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a21f936df1771bf62b77f047b726c4625ff2e8aa607c01ec06e5a05bd8463401"
+checksum = "7e36cc9d416881d2e24f9a963be5fb1cd90966419ac844274161d10488b3e825"
 dependencies = [
  "android-tzdata",
  "iana-time-zone",
@@ -341,46 +327,46 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.4.2"
+version = "4.5.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a13b88d2c62ff462f88e4a121f17a82c1af05693a2f192b5c38d14de73c19f6"
+checksum = "3135e7ec2ef7b10c6ed8950f0f792ed96ee093fa088608f1c76e569722700c84"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.4.2"
+version = "4.5.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2bb9faaa7c2ef94b2743a21f5a29e6f0010dff4caa69ac8e9d6cf8b6fa74da08"
+checksum = "30582fc632330df2bd26877bde0c1f4470d57c582bbc070376afcd04d8cb4838"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
  "clap_lex",
  "strsim",
- "terminal_size 0.2.6",
+ "terminal_size 0.4.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_complete"
-version = "4.4.0"
+version = "4.5.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "586a385f7ef2f8b4d86bddaa0c094794e7ccbfe5ffef1f434fe928143fc783a5"
+checksum = "ac2e663e3e3bed2d32d065a8404024dad306e699a04263ec59919529f803aee9"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_lex"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.7.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2da6da31387c7e4ef160ffab6d5e7f00c42626fe39aea70a7b0f1773f7dd6c1b"
+checksum = "f46ad14479a25103f283c0f10005961cf086d8dc42205bb44c46ac563475dca6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_mangen"
-version = "0.2.9"
+version = "0.2.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bb0f09a0ca8f0dd8ac92c546b426f466ef19828185c6d504c80c48c9c2768ed9"
+checksum = "fbae9cbfdc5d4fa8711c09bd7b83f644cb48281ac35bf97af3e47b0675864bdf"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "roff",
@@ -433,9 +419,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "constant_time_eq"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7144d30dcf0fafbce74250a3963025d8d52177934239851c917d29f1df280c2"
+checksum = "7c74b8349d32d297c9134b8c88677813a227df8f779daa29bfc29c183fe3dca6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "core-foundation-sys"
@@ -597,44 +583,44 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpp"
-version = "0.5.9"
+version = "0.5.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bfa65869ef853e45c60e9828aa08cdd1398cb6e13f3911d9cb2a079b144fcd64"
+checksum = "f36bcac3d8234c1fb813358e83d1bb6b0290a3d2b3b5efc6b88bfeaf9d8eec17"
 dependencies = [
  "cpp_macros",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpp_build"
-version = "0.5.9"
+version = "0.5.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0e361fae2caf9758164b24da3eedd7f7d7451be30d90d8e7b5d2be29a2f0cf5b"
+checksum = "27f8638c97fbd79cc6fc80b616e0e74b49bac21014faed590bbc89b7e2676c90"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "cpp_common",
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro2",
  "regex",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpp_common"
-version = "0.5.9"
+version = "0.5.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3e1a2532e4ed4ea13031c13bc7bc0dbca4aae32df48e9d77f0d1e743179f2ea1"
+checksum = "25fcfea2ee05889597d35e986c2ad0169694320ae5cc8f6d2640a4bb8a884560"
 dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro2",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpp_macros"
-version = "0.5.9"
+version = "0.5.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "47ec9cc90633446f779ef481a9ce5a0077107dd5b87016440448d908625a83fd"
+checksum = "d156158fe86e274820f5a53bc9edb0885a6e7113909497aa8d883b69dd171871"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "byteorder",
@@ -642,7 +628,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -656,9 +642,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3855a8a784b474f333699ef2bbca9db2c4a1f6d9088a90a2d25b1eb53111eaa"
+checksum = "a97769d94ddab943e4510d138150169a2758b5ef3eb191a9ee688de3e23ef7b3"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
@@ -697,22 +683,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.19"
+version = "0.8.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "248e3bacc7dc6baa3b21e405ee045c3047101a49145e7e9eca583ab4c2ca5345"
+checksum = "22ec99545bb0ed0ea7bb9b8e1e9122ea386ff8a48c0922e43f36d45ab09e0e80"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossterm"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.28.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f476fe445d41c9e991fd07515a6f463074b782242ccf4a5b7b1d1012e70824df"
+checksum = "829d955a0bb380ef178a640b91779e3987da38c9aea133b20614cfed8cdea9c6"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "crossterm_winapi",
  "filedescriptor",
- "libc",
- "mio",
+ "mio 1.0.2",
  "parking_lot",
+ "rustix 0.38.40",
  "signal-hook",
  "signal-hook-mio",
  "winapi",
@@ -796,7 +782,7 @@ checksum = "67e77553c4162a157adbf834ebae5b415acbecbeafc7a74b0e886657506a7611"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -817,13 +803,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "displaydoc"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.2.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "487585f4d0c6655fe74905e2504d8ad6908e4db67f744eb140876906c2f3175d"
+checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -912,7 +898,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7199d965852c3bac31f779ef99cbb4537f80e952e2d6aa0ffeb30cce00f4f46e"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
@@ -930,9 +916,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.0.28"
+version = "1.0.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46303f565772937ffe1d394a4fac6f411c6013172fadde9dcdb1e147a086940e"
+checksum = "c936bfdafb507ebbf50b8074c54fa31c5be9a1e7e5f467dd659697041407d07c"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "miniz_oxide",
@@ -961,9 +947,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fts-sys"
-version = "0.2.11"
+version = "0.2.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28ab6a6dfd9184fe8a5097924dea6e7648f499121b3e933bb8486a17f817122e"
+checksum = "c427b250eff90452a35afd79fdfcbcf4880e307225bc28bd36d9a2cd78bb6d90"
 dependencies = [
  "bindgen",
  "libc",
@@ -1046,7 +1032,7 @@ checksum = "162ee34ebcb7c64a8abebc059ce0fee27c2262618d7b60ed8faf72fef13c3650"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1140,9 +1126,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "443144c8cdadd93ebf52ddb4056d257f5b52c04d3c804e657d19eb73fc33668b"
+checksum = "d231dfb89cfffdbc30e7fc41579ed6066ad03abda9e567ccafae602b97ec5024"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hex"
@@ -1244,6 +1230,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
+version = "1.70.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7943c866cc5cd64cbc25b2e01621d07fa8eb2a1a23160ee81ce38704e97b8ecf"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -1299,15 +1291,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.161"
+version = "0.2.169"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e9489c2807c139ffd9c1794f4af0ebe86a828db53ecdc7fea2111d0fed085d1"
+checksum = "b5aba8db14291edd000dfcc4d620c7ebfb122c613afb886ca8803fa4e128a20a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
@@ -1359,10 +1351,16 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "log"
-version = "0.4.20"
+name = "lockfree-object-pool"
+version = "0.1.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5e6163cb8c49088c2c36f57875e58ccd8c87c7427f7fbd50ea6710b2f3f2e8f"
+checksum = "9374ef4228402d4b7e403e5838cb880d9ee663314b0a900d5a6aabf0c213552e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "log"
+version = "0.4.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lru"
@@ -1416,11 +1414,11 @@ checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d811f3e15f28568be3407c8e7fdb6514c1cda3cb30683f15b6a1a1dc4ea14a7"
+checksum = "e2d80299ef12ff69b16a84bb182e3b9df68b5a91574d3d4fa6e41b65deec4df1"
 dependencies = [
- "adler",
+ "adler2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1435,6 +1433,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "mio"
+version = "1.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "80e04d1dcff3aae0704555fe5fee3bcfaf3d1fdf8a7e521d5b9d2b42acb52cec"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "wasi",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nix"
 version = "0.29.0"
@@ -1470,7 +1481,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "inotify",
  "kqueue",
  "libc",
- "mio",
+ "mio 0.8.11",
  "walkdir",
  "windows-sys 0.45.0",
 ]
@@ -1544,28 +1555,6 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "071dfc062690e90b734c0b2273ce72ad0ffa95f0c74596bc250dcfd960262841"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
- "libm",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num_enum"
-version = "0.7.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4e613fc340b2220f734a8595782c551f1250e969d87d3be1ae0579e8d4065179"
-dependencies = [
- "num_enum_derive",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num_enum_derive"
-version = "0.7.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af1844ef2428cc3e1cb900be36181049ef3d3193c63e43026cfe202983b27a56"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-crate",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1722,9 +1711,9 @@ checksum = "6ac9a59f73473f1b8d852421e59e64809f025994837ef743615c6d0c5b305160"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "platform-info"
-version = "2.0.4"
+version = "2.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91077ffd05d058d70d79eefcd7d7f6aac34980860a7519960f7913b6563a8c3a"
+checksum = "7539aeb3fdd8cb4f6a331307cf71a1039cee75e94e8a71725b9484f4a0d9451a"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "winapi",
@@ -1765,7 +1754,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5ac2cf0f2e4f42b49f5ffd07dae8d746508ef7526c13940e5f524012ae6c6550"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1779,9 +1768,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.89"
+version = "1.0.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f139b0662de085916d1fb67d2b4169d1addddda1919e696f3252b740b629986e"
+checksum = "37d3544b3f2748c54e147655edb5025752e2303145b5aefb3c3ea2c78b973bb0"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -1795,7 +1784,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "hex",
  "procfs-core",
- "rustix 0.38.37",
+ "rustix 0.38.40",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1808,32 +1797,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "proptest"
-version = "1.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b4c2511913b88df1637da85cc8d96ec8e43a3f8bb8ccb71ee1ac240d6f3df58d"
-dependencies = [
- "bit-set",
- "bit-vec",
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
- "lazy_static",
- "num-traits",
- "rand",
- "rand_chacha",
- "rand_xorshift",
- "regex-syntax",
- "rusty-fork",
- "tempfile",
- "unarray",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "quick-error"
-version = "1.2.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1d01941d82fa2ab50be1e79e6714289dd7cde78eba4c074bc5a4374f650dfe0"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "quick-error"
 version = "2.0.1"
@@ -1842,9 +1805,9 @@ checksum = "a993555f31e5a609f617c12db6250dedcac1b0a85076912c436e6fc9b2c8e6a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
+checksum = "0e4dccaaaf89514f546c693ddc140f729f958c247918a13380cccc6078391acc"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -1894,15 +1857,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand_core",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_xorshift"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d25bf25ec5ae4a3f1b92f929810509a2f53d7dca2f50b794ff57e3face536c8f"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rayon"
 version = "1.10.0"
@@ -2014,7 +1968,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "relative-path",
  "rustc_version",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
@@ -2060,9 +2014,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.37"
+version = "0.38.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8acb788b847c24f28525660c4d7758620a7210875711f79e7f663cc152726811"
+checksum = "99e4ea3e1cdc4b559b8e5650f9c8e5998e3e5c1343b4eaf034565f32318d63c0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "errno",
@@ -2071,18 +2025,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rusty-fork"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb3dcc6e454c328bb824492db107ab7c0ae8fcffe4ad210136ef014458c1bc4f"
-dependencies = [
- "fnv",
- "quick-error 1.2.3",
- "tempfile",
- "wait-timeout",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
 version = "1.0.6"
@@ -2100,9 +2042,9 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "self_cell"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d369a96f978623eb3dc28807c4852d6cc617fed53da5d3c400feff1ef34a714a"
+checksum = "c2fdfc24bc566f839a2da4c4295b82db7d25a24253867d5c64355abb5799bdbe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "selinux"
@@ -2115,7 +2057,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "reference-counted-singleton",
  "selinux-sys",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2138,9 +2080,9 @@ checksum = "e25dfac463d778e353db5be2449d1cce89bd6fd23c9f1ea21310ce6e5a1b29c4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.217"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f55c3193aca71c12ad7890f1785d2b73e1b9f63a0bbc353c08ef26fe03fc56b5"
+checksum = "02fc4265df13d6fa1d00ecff087228cc0a2b5f3c0e87e258d8b94a156e984c70"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -2156,13 +2098,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.214"
+version = "1.0.217"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "de523f781f095e28fa605cdce0f8307e451cc0fd14e2eb4cd2e98a355b147766"
+checksum = "5a9bf7cf98d04a2b28aead066b7496853d4779c9cc183c440dbac457641e19a0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2215,12 +2157,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "signal-hook-mio"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29ad2e15f37ec9a6cc544097b78a1ec90001e9f71b81338ca39f430adaca99af"
+checksum = "34db1a06d485c9142248b7a054f034b349b212551f3dfd19c94d45a754a217cd"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "mio",
+ "mio 1.0.2",
  "signal-hook",
 ]
 
@@ -2233,6 +2175,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "simd-adler32"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d66dc143e6b11c1eddc06d5c423cfc97062865baf299914ab64caa38182078fe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "siphasher"
 version = "0.3.10"
@@ -2281,9 +2229,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
-version = "0.10.0"
+version = "0.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "73473c0e59e6d5812c5dfe2a064a6444949f089e20eec9a2e5506596494e4623"
+checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
@@ -2298,9 +2246,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.86"
+version = "2.0.87"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e89275301d38033efb81a6e60e3497e734dfcc62571f2854bf4b16690398824c"
+checksum = "25aa4ce346d03a6dcd68dd8b4010bcb74e54e62c90c573f394c46eae99aba32d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2315,14 +2263,14 @@ checksum = "55937e1799185b12863d447f42597ed69d9928686b8d88a1df17376a097d8369"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.13.0"
+version = "3.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f0f2c9fc62d0beef6951ccffd757e241266a2c833136efbe35af6cd2567dca5b"
+checksum = "28cce251fcbc87fac86a866eeb0d6c2d536fc16d06f184bb61aeae11aa4cee0c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "fastrand",
  "once_cell",
- "rustix 0.38.37",
+ "rustix 0.38.40",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -2338,11 +2286,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "terminal_size"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4f599bd7ca042cfdf8f4512b277c02ba102247820f9d9d4a9f521f496751a6ef"
+checksum = "5352447f921fda68cf61b4101566c0bdb5104eff6804d0678e5227580ab6a4e9"
 dependencies = [
- "rustix 0.38.37",
+ "rustix 0.38.40",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -2360,29 +2308,49 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.66"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d171f59dbaa811dbbb1aee1e73db92ec2b122911a48e1390dfe327a821ddede"
+checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl",
+ "thiserror-impl 1.0.69",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror"
+version = "2.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f072643fd0190df67a8bab670c20ef5d8737177d6ac6b2e9a236cb096206b2cc"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.9",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.66"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b08be0f17bd307950653ce45db00cd31200d82b624b36e181337d9c7d92765b5"
+checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror-impl"
+version = "2.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7b50fa271071aae2e6ee85f842e2e28ba8cd2c5fb67f11fcb1fd70b276f9e7d4"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time"
-version = "0.3.36"
+version = "0.3.37"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5dfd88e563464686c916c7e46e623e520ddc6d79fa6641390f2e3fa86e83e885"
+checksum = "35e7868883861bd0e56d9ac6efcaaca0d6d5d82a2a7ec8209ff492c07cf37b21"
 dependencies = [
  "deranged",
  "itoa",
@@ -2403,9 +2371,9 @@ checksum = "ef927ca75afb808a4d64dd374f00a2adf8d0fcff8e7b184af886c3c87ec4a3f3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "time-macros"
-version = "0.2.18"
+version = "0.2.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f252a68540fde3a3877aeea552b832b40ab9a69e318efd078774a01ddee1ccf"
+checksum = "2834e6017e3e5e4b9834939793b282bc03b37a3336245fa820e35e233e2a85de"
 dependencies = [
  "num-conv",
  "time-core",
@@ -2449,12 +2417,6 @@ version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dcf81ac59edc17cc8697ff311e8f5ef2d99fcbd9817b34cec66f90b6c3dfd987"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unarray"
-version = "0.1.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eaea85b334db583fe3274d12b4cd1880032beab409c0d774be044d4480ab9a94"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
 version = "1.0.13"
@@ -2511,7 +2473,7 @@ checksum = "e24c654e19afaa6b8f3877ece5d3bed849c2719c56f6752b18ca7da4fcc6e85a"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
  "time",
  "utmp-classic-raw",
  "zerocopy",
@@ -2541,7 +2503,6 @@ name = "uu_base32"
 version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
- "proptest",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -2577,7 +2538,7 @@ version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "nix",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -2589,7 +2550,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fts-sys",
  "libc",
  "selinux",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -2653,7 +2614,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "filetime",
  "indicatif",
  "libc",
- "quick-error 2.0.1",
+ "quick-error",
  "selinux",
  "uucore",
  "walkdir",
@@ -2666,7 +2627,7 @@ version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "regex",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -2710,7 +2671,7 @@ version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "tempfile",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -2773,7 +2734,7 @@ name = "uu_expand"
 version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -2815,7 +2776,7 @@ name = "uu_fmt"
 version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -2951,7 +2912,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "number_prefix",
  "once_cell",
  "selinux",
- "terminal_size 0.4.0",
+ "terminal_size 0.4.1",
  "uucore",
  "uutils_term_grid",
 ]
@@ -3000,7 +2961,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "crossterm",
  "nix",
  "unicode-segmentation",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -3101,7 +3062,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "clap",
  "itertools",
- "quick-error 2.0.1",
+ "quick-error",
  "regex",
  "uucore",
 ]
@@ -3182,7 +3143,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "libc",
  "selinux",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -3243,7 +3204,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rayon",
  "self_cell",
  "tempfile",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -3435,7 +3396,7 @@ name = "uu_unexpand"
 version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "clap",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -3461,7 +3422,7 @@ version = "0.0.28"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "clap",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "utmp-classic",
  "uucore",
 ]
@@ -3492,8 +3453,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "libc",
  "nix",
- "thiserror",
- "unicode-width 0.1.13",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -3540,6 +3501,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "hex",
  "itertools",
+ "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "md-5",
  "memchr",
@@ -3553,7 +3515,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha3",
  "sm3",
  "tempfile",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
  "time",
  "uucore_procs",
  "walkdir",
@@ -3598,15 +3560,6 @@ version = "0.9.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "49874b5167b65d7193b8aba1567f5c7d93d001cafc34600cee003eda787e483f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wait-timeout"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9f200f5b12eb75f8c1ed65abd4b2db8a6e1b138a20de009dacee265a2498f3f6"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "walkdir"
 version = "2.5.0"
@@ -3644,7 +3597,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -3666,7 +3619,7 @@ checksum = "54681b18a46765f095758388f2d0cf16eb8d4169b639ab575a8f5693af210c7b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
@@ -3986,7 +3939,7 @@ checksum = "8da84f1a25939b27f6820d92aed108f83ff920fdf11a7b19366c27c4cda81d4f"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.4.14",
- "rustix 0.38.37",
+ "rustix 0.38.40",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4019,14 +3972,14 @@ checksum = "15e934569e47891f7d9411f1a451d947a60e000ab3bd24fbb970f000387d1b3b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.86",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zip"
-version = "1.1.4"
+version = "2.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9cc23c04387f4da0374be4533ad1208cbb091d5c11d070dfef13676ad6497164"
+checksum = "ae9c1ea7b3a5e1f4b922ff856a129881167511563dc219869afe3787fc0c1a45"
 dependencies = [
  "arbitrary",
  "crc32fast",
@@ -4034,6 +3987,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "displaydoc",
  "flate2",
  "indexmap",
- "num_enum",
- "thiserror",
+ "memchr",
+ "thiserror 2.0.9",
+ "zopfli",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zopfli"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e5019f391bac5cf252e93bbcc53d039ffd62c7bfb7c150414d61369afe57e946"
+dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
+ "crc32fast",
+ "lockfree-object-pool",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "simd-adler32",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a6881abfb..1991679d8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/uutils/coreutils"
 readme = "README.md"
 keywords = ["coreutils", "uutils", "cross-platform", "cli", "utility"]
 categories = ["command-line-utilities"]
-rust-version = "1.70.0"
+rust-version = "1.79.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
 build = "build.rs"
@@ -276,12 +276,12 @@ chrono = { version = "0.4.38", default-features = false, features = [
   "alloc",
   "clock",
 ] }
-clap = { version = "4.4", features = ["wrap_help", "cargo"] }
+clap = { version = "4.5", features = ["wrap_help", "cargo"] }
 clap_complete = "4.4"
 clap_mangen = "0.2"
 compare = "0.1.0"
 coz = { version = "0.1.3" }
-crossterm = ">=0.27.0"
+crossterm = "0.28.1"
 ctrlc = { version = "3.4.4", features = ["termination"] }
 dns-lookup = { version = "2.0.4" }
 exacl = "0.12.0"
@@ -332,17 +332,17 @@ tempfile = "3.10.1"
 uutils_term_grid = "0.6"
 terminal_size = "0.4.0"
 textwrap = { version = "0.16.1", features = ["terminal_size"] }
-thiserror = "1.0.59"
+thiserror = "2.0.3"
 time = { version = "0.3.36" }
 unicode-segmentation = "1.11.0"
-unicode-width = "0.1.12"
+unicode-width = "0.2.0"
 utf-8 = "0.7.6"
 utmp-classic = "0.1.6"
 walkdir = "2.5"
 winapi-util = "0.1.8"
 windows-sys = { version = "0.59.0", default-features = false }
 xattr = "1.3.1"
-zip = { version = "1.1.4", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
+zip = { version = "2.2.2", default-features = false, features = ["deflate"] }
 
 hex = "0.4.3"
 md-5 = "0.10.6"
@@ -354,10 +354,10 @@ blake3 = "1.5.1"
 sm3 = "0.4.2"
 digest = "0.10.7"
 
-uucore = { version = ">=0.0.19", package = "uucore", path = "src/uucore" }
-uucore_procs = { version = ">=0.0.19", package = "uucore_procs", path = "src/uucore_procs" }
-uu_ls = { version = ">=0.0.18", path = "src/uu/ls" }
-uu_base32 = { version = ">=0.0.18", path = "src/uu/base32" }
+uucore = { version = "0.0.28", package = "uucore", path = "src/uucore" }
+uucore_procs = { version = "0.0.28", package = "uucore_procs", path = "src/uucore_procs" }
+uu_ls = { version = "0.0.28", path = "src/uu/ls" }
+uu_base32 = { version = "0.0.28", path = "src/uu/base32" }
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/GNUmakefile b/GNUmakefile
index 0b4f2d04c..af73a10f4 100644
--- a/GNUmakefile
+++ b/GNUmakefile
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ UNIX_PROGS := \
 	nohup \
 	pathchk \
 	pinky \
-	sleep \
 	stat \
 	stdbuf \
 	timeout \
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 22081c689..37c5a596b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 [![dependency status](https://deps.rs/repo/github/uutils/coreutils/status.svg)](https://deps.rs/repo/github/uutils/coreutils)
 
 [![CodeCov](https://codecov.io/gh/uutils/coreutils/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/uutils/coreutils)
-![MSRV](https://img.shields.io/badge/MSRV-1.70.0-brightgreen)
+![MSRV](https://img.shields.io/badge/MSRV-1.79.0-brightgreen)
 
 </div>
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ the [coreutils docs](https://github.com/uutils/uutils.github.io) repository.
 ### Rust Version
 
 uutils follows Rust's release channels and is tested against stable, beta and
-nightly. The current Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) is `1.70.0`.
+nightly. The current Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) is `1.79.0`.
 
 ## Building
 
diff --git a/deny.toml b/deny.toml
index 9fefc7727..d64a2d33a 100644
--- a/deny.toml
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -104,6 +104,12 @@ skip = [
   { name = "terminal_size", version = "0.2.6" },
   # ansi-width, console, os_display
   { name = "unicode-width", version = "0.1.13" },
+  # notify
+  { name = "mio", version = "0.8.11" },
+  # various crates
+  { name = "thiserror", version = "1.0.69" },
+  # thiserror
+  { name = "thiserror-impl", version = "1.0.69" },
 ]
 # spell-checker: enable
 
diff --git a/fuzz/Cargo.lock b/fuzz/Cargo.lock
index a95718bd4..a2bae6dd3 100644
--- a/fuzz/Cargo.lock
+++ b/fuzz/Cargo.lock
@@ -546,20 +546,25 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.161"
+name = "lazy_static"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e9489c2807c139ffd9c1794f4af0ebe86a828db53ecdc7fea2111d0fed085d1"
+checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
+version = "0.2.169"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b5aba8db14291edd000dfcc4d620c7ebfb122c613afb886ca8803fa4e128a20a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libfuzzer-sys"
-version = "0.4.7"
+version = "0.4.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a96cfd5557eb82f2b83fed4955246c988d331975a002961b07c81584d107e7f7"
+checksum = "9b9569d2f74e257076d8c6bfa73fb505b46b851e51ddaecc825944aa3bed17fa"
 dependencies = [
  "arbitrary",
  "cc",
- "once_cell",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -714,7 +719,7 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7a6229bad892b46b0dcfaaeb18ad0d2e56400f5aaea05b768bde96e73676cf75"
 dependencies = [
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.1.12",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -742,9 +747,9 @@ checksum = "5b40af805b3121feab8a3c29f04d8ad262fa8e0561883e7653e024ae4479e6de"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.83"
+version = "1.0.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b33eb56c327dec362a9e55b3ad14f9d2f0904fb5a5b03b513ab5465399e9f43"
+checksum = "37d3544b3f2748c54e147655edb5025752e2303145b5aefb3c3ea2c78b973bb0"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -850,9 +855,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.37"
+version = "0.38.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8acb788b847c24f28525660c4d7758620a7210875711f79e7f663cc152726811"
+checksum = "99e4ea3e1cdc4b559b8e5650f9c8e5998e3e5c1343b4eaf034565f32318d63c0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "errno",
@@ -948,20 +953,9 @@ checksum = "7da8b5736845d9f2fcb837ea5d9e2628564b3b043a70948a3f0b778838c5fb4f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.109"
+version = "2.0.89"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72b64191b275b66ffe2469e8af2c1cfe3bafa67b529ead792a6d0160888b4237"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "unicode-ident",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.65"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2863d96a84c6439701d7a38f9de935ec562c8832cc55d1dde0f513b52fad106"
+checksum = "44d46482f1c1c87acd84dea20c1bf5ebff4c757009ed6bf19cfd36fb10e92c4e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -970,9 +964,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.13.0"
+version = "3.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f0f2c9fc62d0beef6951ccffd757e241266a2c833136efbe35af6cd2567dca5b"
+checksum = "28cce251fcbc87fac86a866eeb0d6c2d536fc16d06f184bb61aeae11aa4cee0c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "fastrand",
@@ -993,18 +987,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.61"
+version = "2.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c546c80d6be4bc6a00c0f01730c08df82eaa7a7a61f11d656526506112cc1709"
+checksum = "c006c85c7651b3cf2ada4584faa36773bd07bac24acfb39f3c431b36d7e667aa"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.61"
+version = "2.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46c3384250002a6d5af4d114f2845d37b57521033f30d5c3f46c4d70e1197533"
+checksum = "f077553d607adc1caf65430528a576c757a71ed73944b66ebb58ef2bbd243568"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1044,6 +1038,12 @@ version = "0.1.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "68f5e5f3158ecfd4b8ff6fe086db7c8467a2dfdac97fe420f2b7c4aa97af66d6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-width"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1fc81956842c57dac11422a97c3b8195a1ff727f06e85c84ed2e8aa277c9a0fd"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "utf8parse"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rayon",
  "self_cell",
  "tempfile",
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "nix 0.29.0",
  "thiserror",
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "uucore",
 ]
 
@@ -1204,6 +1204,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "hex",
  "itertools",
+ "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "md-5",
  "memchr",
diff --git a/src/bin/uudoc.rs b/src/bin/uudoc.rs
index 8ea11ed4d..f2c325e32 100644
--- a/src/bin/uudoc.rs
+++ b/src/bin/uudoc.rs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ struct MDWriter<'a, 'b> {
     markdown: Option<String>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> MDWriter<'a, 'b> {
+impl MDWriter<'_, '_> {
     /// # Errors
     /// Returns an error if the writer fails.
     fn markdown(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
diff --git a/src/uu/base32/Cargo.toml b/src/uu/base32/Cargo.toml
index ffcd4796c..26ab2bc6f 100644
--- a/src/uu/base32/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/uu/base32/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# spell-checker:ignore proptest
-
 [package]
 name = "uu_base32"
 version = "0.0.28"
@@ -22,9 +20,6 @@ path = "src/base32.rs"
 clap = { workspace = true }
 uucore = { workspace = true, features = ["encoding"] }
 
-[dev-dependencies]
-proptest = "1.5.0"
-
 [[bin]]
 name = "base32"
 path = "src/main.rs"
diff --git a/src/uu/base32/src/base32.rs b/src/uu/base32/src/base32.rs
index 46a0361ea..e14e83921 100644
--- a/src/uu/base32/src/base32.rs
+++ b/src/uu/base32/src/base32.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 pub mod base_common;
 
+use base_common::ReadSeek;
 use clap::Command;
 use uucore::{encoding::Format, error::UResult, help_about, help_usage};
 
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
 
     let config = base_common::parse_base_cmd_args(args, ABOUT, USAGE)?;
 
-    let mut input = base_common::get_input(&config)?;
+    let mut input: Box<dyn ReadSeek> = base_common::get_input(&config)?;
 
     base_common::handle_input(&mut input, format, config)
 }
diff --git a/src/uu/base32/src/base_common.rs b/src/uu/base32/src/base_common.rs
index f6b88f551..878d07a92 100644
--- a/src/uu/base32/src/base_common.rs
+++ b/src/uu/base32/src/base_common.rs
@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
 
-// spell-checker:ignore hexupper lsbf msbf unpadded
+// spell-checker:ignore hexupper lsbf msbf unpadded nopad aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ
 
 use clap::{crate_version, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::{self, ErrorKind, Read};
+use std::io::{self, ErrorKind, Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::encoding::{
-    for_base_common::{BASE32, BASE32HEX, BASE64, BASE64URL, HEXUPPER},
+    for_base_common::{BASE32, BASE32HEX, BASE64, BASE64URL, BASE64_NOPAD, HEXUPPER_PERMISSIVE},
     Format, Z85Wrapper, BASE2LSBF, BASE2MSBF,
 };
 use uucore::encoding::{EncodingWrapper, SupportsFastDecodeAndEncode};
@@ -143,25 +143,50 @@ pub fn base_app(about: &'static str, usage: &str) -> Command {
         )
 }
 
-pub fn get_input(config: &Config) -> UResult<Box<dyn Read>> {
+/// A trait alias for types that implement both `Read` and `Seek`.
+pub trait ReadSeek: Read + Seek {}
+
+/// Automatically implement the `ReadSeek` trait for any type that implements both `Read` and `Seek`.
+impl<T: Read + Seek> ReadSeek for T {}
+
+pub fn get_input(config: &Config) -> UResult<Box<dyn ReadSeek>> {
     match &config.to_read {
         Some(path_buf) => {
             // Do not buffer input, because buffering is handled by `fast_decode` and `fast_encode`
             let file =
                 File::open(path_buf).map_err_context(|| path_buf.maybe_quote().to_string())?;
-
             Ok(Box::new(file))
         }
         None => {
-            let stdin_lock = io::stdin().lock();
-
-            Ok(Box::new(stdin_lock))
+            let mut buffer = Vec::new();
+            io::stdin().read_to_end(&mut buffer)?;
+            Ok(Box::new(io::Cursor::new(buffer)))
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn handle_input<R: Read>(input: &mut R, format: Format, config: Config) -> UResult<()> {
-    let supports_fast_decode_and_encode = get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode(format);
+/// Determines if the input buffer ends with padding ('=') after trimming trailing whitespace.
+fn has_padding<R: Read + Seek>(input: &mut R) -> UResult<bool> {
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    input
+        .read_to_end(&mut buf)
+        .map_err(|err| USimpleError::new(1, format_read_error(err.kind())))?;
+
+    // Reverse iterator and skip trailing whitespace without extra collections
+    let has_padding = buf
+        .iter()
+        .rfind(|&&byte| !byte.is_ascii_whitespace())
+        .is_some_and(|&byte| byte == b'=');
+
+    input.seek(SeekFrom::Start(0))?;
+    Ok(has_padding)
+}
+
+pub fn handle_input<R: Read + Seek>(input: &mut R, format: Format, config: Config) -> UResult<()> {
+    let has_padding = has_padding(input)?;
+
+    let supports_fast_decode_and_encode =
+        get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode(format, config.decode, has_padding);
 
     let supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref = supports_fast_decode_and_encode.as_ref();
 
@@ -184,7 +209,11 @@ pub fn handle_input<R: Read>(input: &mut R, format: Format, config: Config) -> U
     }
 }
 
-pub fn get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode(format: Format) -> Box<dyn SupportsFastDecodeAndEncode> {
+pub fn get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode(
+    format: Format,
+    decode: bool,
+    has_padding: bool,
+) -> Box<dyn SupportsFastDecodeAndEncode> {
     const BASE16_VALID_DECODING_MULTIPLE: usize = 2;
     const BASE2_VALID_DECODING_MULTIPLE: usize = 8;
     const BASE32_VALID_DECODING_MULTIPLE: usize = 8;
@@ -197,11 +226,11 @@ pub fn get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode(format: Format) -> Box<dyn SupportsFa
 
     match format {
         Format::Base16 => Box::from(EncodingWrapper::new(
-            HEXUPPER,
+            HEXUPPER_PERMISSIVE,
             BASE16_VALID_DECODING_MULTIPLE,
             BASE16_UNPADDED_MULTIPLE,
             // spell-checker:disable-next-line
-            b"0123456789ABCDEF",
+            b"0123456789ABCDEFabcdef",
         )),
         Format::Base2Lsbf => Box::from(EncodingWrapper::new(
             BASE2LSBF,
@@ -231,13 +260,24 @@ pub fn get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode(format: Format) -> Box<dyn SupportsFa
             // spell-checker:disable-next-line
             b"0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV=",
         )),
-        Format::Base64 => Box::from(EncodingWrapper::new(
-            BASE64,
-            BASE64_VALID_DECODING_MULTIPLE,
-            BASE64_UNPADDED_MULTIPLE,
-            // spell-checker:disable-next-line
-            b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789=+/",
-        )),
+        Format::Base64 => {
+            let alphabet: &[u8] = if has_padding {
+                &b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789+/="[..]
+            } else {
+                &b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789+/"[..]
+            };
+            let wrapper = if decode && !has_padding {
+                BASE64_NOPAD
+            } else {
+                BASE64
+            };
+            Box::from(EncodingWrapper::new(
+                wrapper,
+                BASE64_VALID_DECODING_MULTIPLE,
+                BASE64_UNPADDED_MULTIPLE,
+                alphabet,
+            ))
+        }
         Format::Base64Url => Box::from(EncodingWrapper::new(
             BASE64URL,
             BASE64_VALID_DECODING_MULTIPLE,
@@ -316,6 +356,7 @@ pub mod fast_encode {
         encoded_buffer: &mut VecDeque<u8>,
         output: &mut dyn Write,
         is_cleanup: bool,
+        empty_wrap: bool,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
         // TODO
         // `encoded_buffer` only has to be a VecDeque if line wrapping is enabled
@@ -324,7 +365,9 @@ pub mod fast_encode {
         output.write_all(encoded_buffer.make_contiguous())?;
 
         if is_cleanup {
-            output.write_all(b"\n")?;
+            if !empty_wrap {
+                output.write_all(b"\n")?;
+            }
         } else {
             encoded_buffer.clear();
         }
@@ -377,25 +420,26 @@ pub mod fast_encode {
     }
 
     fn write_to_output(
-        line_wrapping_option: &mut Option<LineWrapping>,
+        line_wrapping: &mut Option<LineWrapping>,
         encoded_buffer: &mut VecDeque<u8>,
         output: &mut dyn Write,
         is_cleanup: bool,
+        empty_wrap: bool,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
         // Write all data in `encoded_buffer` to `output`
-        if let &mut Some(ref mut li) = line_wrapping_option {
+        if let &mut Some(ref mut li) = line_wrapping {
             write_with_line_breaks(li, encoded_buffer, output, is_cleanup)?;
         } else {
-            write_without_line_breaks(encoded_buffer, output, is_cleanup)?;
+            write_without_line_breaks(encoded_buffer, output, is_cleanup, empty_wrap)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
     // End of helper functions
 
-    pub fn fast_encode<R: Read, W: Write>(
-        input: &mut R,
-        mut output: W,
+    pub fn fast_encode(
+        input: &mut dyn Read,
+        output: &mut dyn Write,
         supports_fast_decode_and_encode: &dyn SupportsFastDecodeAndEncode,
         wrap: Option<usize>,
     ) -> UResult<()> {
@@ -473,16 +517,21 @@ pub mod fast_encode {
                     )?;
 
                     assert!(leftover_buffer.len() < encode_in_chunks_of_size);
-
                     // Write all data in `encoded_buffer` to `output`
-                    write_to_output(&mut line_wrapping, &mut encoded_buffer, &mut output, false)?;
+                    write_to_output(
+                        &mut line_wrapping,
+                        &mut encoded_buffer,
+                        output,
+                        false,
+                        wrap == Some(0),
+                    )?;
                 }
                 Err(er) => {
                     let kind = er.kind();
 
                     if kind == ErrorKind::Interrupted {
-                        // TODO
-                        // Retry reading?
+                        // Retry reading
+                        continue;
                     }
 
                     return Err(USimpleError::new(1, format_read_error(kind)));
@@ -499,7 +548,13 @@ pub mod fast_encode {
 
             // Write all data in `encoded_buffer` to output
             // `is_cleanup` triggers special cleanup-only logic
-            write_to_output(&mut line_wrapping, &mut encoded_buffer, &mut output, true)?;
+            write_to_output(
+                &mut line_wrapping,
+                &mut encoded_buffer,
+                output,
+                true,
+                wrap == Some(0),
+            )?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -606,9 +661,9 @@ pub mod fast_decode {
     }
     // End of helper functions
 
-    pub fn fast_decode<R: Read, W: Write>(
-        input: &mut R,
-        mut output: &mut W,
+    pub fn fast_decode(
+        input: &mut dyn Read,
+        output: &mut dyn Write,
         supports_fast_decode_and_encode: &dyn SupportsFastDecodeAndEncode,
         ignore_garbage: bool,
     ) -> UResult<()> {
@@ -711,14 +766,14 @@ pub mod fast_decode {
                     assert!(leftover_buffer.len() < decode_in_chunks_of_size);
 
                     // Write all data in `decoded_buffer` to `output`
-                    write_to_output(&mut decoded_buffer, &mut output)?;
+                    write_to_output(&mut decoded_buffer, output)?;
                 }
                 Err(er) => {
                     let kind = er.kind();
 
                     if kind == ErrorKind::Interrupted {
-                        // TODO
-                        // Retry reading?
+                        // Retry reading
+                        continue;
                     }
 
                     return Err(USimpleError::new(1, format_read_error(kind)));
@@ -734,7 +789,7 @@ pub mod fast_decode {
                 .decode_into_vec(&leftover_buffer, &mut decoded_buffer)?;
 
             // Write all data in `decoded_buffer` to `output`
-            write_to_output(&mut decoded_buffer, &mut output)?;
+            write_to_output(&mut decoded_buffer, output)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -759,3 +814,33 @@ fn format_read_error(kind: ErrorKind) -> String {
 
     format!("read error: {kind_string_capitalized}")
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::io::Cursor;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_has_padding() {
+        let test_cases = vec![
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ==", true),
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ== ", true),
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ==\n", true),
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ== \n", true),
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ=", true),
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ= ", true),
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ \n", false),
+            ("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkIQ", false),
+        ];
+
+        for (input, expected) in test_cases {
+            let mut cursor = Cursor::new(input.as_bytes());
+            assert_eq!(
+                has_padding(&mut cursor).unwrap(),
+                expected,
+                "Failed for input: '{}'",
+                input
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/uu/base32/tests/property_tests.rs b/src/uu/base32/tests/property_tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f2393c42..000000000
--- a/src/uu/base32/tests/property_tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,430 +0,0 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore lsbf msbf proptest
-
-use proptest::{prelude::TestCaseError, prop_assert, prop_assert_eq, test_runner::TestRunner};
-use std::io::Cursor;
-use uu_base32::base_common::{fast_decode, fast_encode, get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode};
-use uucore::encoding::{Format, SupportsFastDecodeAndEncode};
-
-const CASES: u32 = {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
-        32
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-    {
-        128
-    }
-};
-
-const NORMAL_INPUT_SIZE_LIMIT: usize = {
-    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-    {
-        // 256 kibibytes
-        256 * 1024
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
-    {
-        // 4 mebibytes
-        4 * 1024 * 1024
-    }
-};
-
-const LARGE_INPUT_SIZE_LIMIT: usize = 4 * NORMAL_INPUT_SIZE_LIMIT;
-
-// Note that `TestRunner`s cannot be reused
-fn get_test_runner() -> TestRunner {
-    TestRunner::new(proptest::test_runner::Config {
-        cases: CASES,
-        failure_persistence: None,
-
-        ..proptest::test_runner::Config::default()
-    })
-}
-
-fn generic_round_trip(format: Format) {
-    let supports_fast_decode_and_encode = get_supports_fast_decode_and_encode(format);
-
-    let supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref = supports_fast_decode_and_encode.as_ref();
-
-    // Make sure empty inputs round trip
-    {
-        get_test_runner()
-            .run(
-                &(
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::option::of(0_usize..512_usize),
-                ),
-                |(ignore_garbage, line_wrap_zero, line_wrap)| {
-                    configurable_round_trip(
-                        format,
-                        supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref,
-                        ignore_garbage,
-                        line_wrap_zero,
-                        line_wrap,
-                        // Do not add garbage
-                        Vec::<(usize, u8)>::new(),
-                        // Empty input
-                        Vec::<u8>::new(),
-                    )
-                },
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    // Unusually large line wrapping settings
-    {
-        get_test_runner()
-            .run(
-                &(
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::option::of(512_usize..65_535_usize),
-                    proptest::collection::vec(proptest::num::u8::ANY, 0..NORMAL_INPUT_SIZE_LIMIT),
-                ),
-                |(ignore_garbage, line_wrap_zero, line_wrap, input)| {
-                    configurable_round_trip(
-                        format,
-                        supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref,
-                        ignore_garbage,
-                        line_wrap_zero,
-                        line_wrap,
-                        // Do not add garbage
-                        Vec::<(usize, u8)>::new(),
-                        input,
-                    )
-                },
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    // Spend more time on sane line wrapping settings
-    {
-        get_test_runner()
-            .run(
-                &(
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::option::of(0_usize..512_usize),
-                    proptest::collection::vec(proptest::num::u8::ANY, 0..NORMAL_INPUT_SIZE_LIMIT),
-                ),
-                |(ignore_garbage, line_wrap_zero, line_wrap, input)| {
-                    configurable_round_trip(
-                        format,
-                        supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref,
-                        ignore_garbage,
-                        line_wrap_zero,
-                        line_wrap,
-                        // Do not add garbage
-                        Vec::<(usize, u8)>::new(),
-                        input,
-                    )
-                },
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    // Test with garbage data
-    {
-        get_test_runner()
-            .run(
-                &(
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::option::of(0_usize..512_usize),
-                    // Garbage data to insert
-                    proptest::collection::vec(
-                        (
-                            // Random index
-                            proptest::num::usize::ANY,
-                            // In all of the encodings being tested, non-ASCII bytes are garbage
-                            128_u8..=u8::MAX,
-                        ),
-                        0..4_096,
-                    ),
-                    proptest::collection::vec(proptest::num::u8::ANY, 0..NORMAL_INPUT_SIZE_LIMIT),
-                ),
-                |(ignore_garbage, line_wrap_zero, line_wrap, garbage_data, input)| {
-                    configurable_round_trip(
-                        format,
-                        supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref,
-                        ignore_garbage,
-                        line_wrap_zero,
-                        line_wrap,
-                        garbage_data,
-                        input,
-                    )
-                },
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    // Test small inputs
-    {
-        get_test_runner()
-            .run(
-                &(
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::option::of(0_usize..512_usize),
-                    proptest::collection::vec(proptest::num::u8::ANY, 0..1_024),
-                ),
-                |(ignore_garbage, line_wrap_zero, line_wrap, input)| {
-                    configurable_round_trip(
-                        format,
-                        supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref,
-                        ignore_garbage,
-                        line_wrap_zero,
-                        line_wrap,
-                        // Do not add garbage
-                        Vec::<(usize, u8)>::new(),
-                        input,
-                    )
-                },
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    // Test small inputs with garbage data
-    {
-        get_test_runner()
-            .run(
-                &(
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::option::of(0_usize..512_usize),
-                    // Garbage data to insert
-                    proptest::collection::vec(
-                        (
-                            // Random index
-                            proptest::num::usize::ANY,
-                            // In all of the encodings being tested, non-ASCII bytes are garbage
-                            128_u8..=u8::MAX,
-                        ),
-                        0..1_024,
-                    ),
-                    proptest::collection::vec(proptest::num::u8::ANY, 0..1_024),
-                ),
-                |(ignore_garbage, line_wrap_zero, line_wrap, garbage_data, input)| {
-                    configurable_round_trip(
-                        format,
-                        supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref,
-                        ignore_garbage,
-                        line_wrap_zero,
-                        line_wrap,
-                        garbage_data,
-                        input,
-                    )
-                },
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-
-    // Test large inputs
-    {
-        get_test_runner()
-            .run(
-                &(
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::bool::ANY,
-                    proptest::option::of(0_usize..512_usize),
-                    proptest::collection::vec(proptest::num::u8::ANY, 0..LARGE_INPUT_SIZE_LIMIT),
-                ),
-                |(ignore_garbage, line_wrap_zero, line_wrap, input)| {
-                    configurable_round_trip(
-                        format,
-                        supports_fast_decode_and_encode_ref,
-                        ignore_garbage,
-                        line_wrap_zero,
-                        line_wrap,
-                        // Do not add garbage
-                        Vec::<(usize, u8)>::new(),
-                        input,
-                    )
-                },
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-    }
-}
-
-fn configurable_round_trip(
-    format: Format,
-    supports_fast_decode_and_encode: &dyn SupportsFastDecodeAndEncode,
-    ignore_garbage: bool,
-    line_wrap_zero: bool,
-    line_wrap: Option<usize>,
-    garbage_data: Vec<(usize, u8)>,
-    mut input: Vec<u8>,
-) -> Result<(), TestCaseError> {
-    // Z85 only accepts inputs with lengths divisible by 4
-    if let Format::Z85 = format {
-        // Reduce length of "input" until it is divisible by 4
-        input.truncate((input.len() / 4) * 4);
-
-        assert!((input.len() % 4) == 0);
-    }
-
-    let line_wrap_to_use = if line_wrap_zero { Some(0) } else { line_wrap };
-
-    let input_len = input.len();
-
-    let garbage_data_len = garbage_data.len();
-
-    let garbage_data_is_empty = garbage_data_len == 0;
-
-    let (input, encoded) = {
-        let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(input_len * 8);
-
-        let mut cursor = Cursor::new(input);
-
-        fast_encode::fast_encode(
-            &mut cursor,
-            &mut output,
-            supports_fast_decode_and_encode,
-            line_wrap_to_use,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        (cursor.into_inner(), output)
-    };
-
-    let encoded_or_encoded_with_garbage = if garbage_data_is_empty {
-        encoded
-    } else {
-        let encoded_len = encoded.len();
-
-        let encoded_highest_index = match encoded_len.checked_sub(1) {
-            Some(0) | None => None,
-            Some(x) => Some(x),
-        };
-
-        let mut garbage_data_indexed = vec![Option::<u8>::None; encoded_len];
-
-        let mut encoded_with_garbage = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(encoded_len + garbage_data_len);
-
-        for (index, garbage_byte) in garbage_data {
-            if let Some(x) = encoded_highest_index {
-                let index_to_use = index % x;
-
-                garbage_data_indexed[index_to_use] = Some(garbage_byte);
-            } else {
-                encoded_with_garbage.push(garbage_byte);
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (index, encoded_byte) in encoded.into_iter().enumerate() {
-            encoded_with_garbage.push(encoded_byte);
-
-            if let Some(garbage_byte) = garbage_data_indexed[index] {
-                encoded_with_garbage.push(garbage_byte);
-            }
-        }
-
-        encoded_with_garbage
-    };
-
-    match line_wrap_to_use {
-        Some(0) => {
-            let line_endings_count = encoded_or_encoded_with_garbage
-                .iter()
-                .filter(|byte| **byte == b'\n')
-                .count();
-
-            // If line wrapping is disabled, there should only be one '\n' character (at the very end of the output)
-            prop_assert_eq!(line_endings_count, 1);
-        }
-        _ => {
-            // TODO
-            // Validate other line wrapping settings
-        }
-    }
-
-    let decoded_or_error = {
-        let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(input_len);
-
-        let mut cursor = Cursor::new(encoded_or_encoded_with_garbage);
-
-        match fast_decode::fast_decode(
-            &mut cursor,
-            &mut output,
-            supports_fast_decode_and_encode,
-            ignore_garbage,
-        ) {
-            Ok(()) => Ok(output),
-            Err(er) => Err(er),
-        }
-    };
-
-    let made_round_trip = match decoded_or_error {
-        Ok(ve) => input.as_slice() == ve.as_slice(),
-        Err(_) => false,
-    };
-
-    let result_was_correct = if garbage_data_is_empty || ignore_garbage {
-        // If there was no garbage data added, or if "ignore_garbage" was enabled, expect the round trip to succeed
-        made_round_trip
-    } else {
-        // If garbage data was added, and "ignore_garbage" was disabled, expect the round trip to fail
-
-        !made_round_trip
-    };
-
-    if !result_was_correct {
-        eprintln!(
-            "\
-(configurable_round_trip) FAILURE
-format: {format:?}
-ignore_garbage: {ignore_garbage}
-line_wrap_to_use: {line_wrap_to_use:?}
-garbage_data_len: {garbage_data_len}
-input_len: {input_len}
-",
-        );
-    }
-
-    prop_assert!(result_was_correct);
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn base16_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Base16);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn base2lsbf_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Base2Lsbf);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn base2msbf_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Base2Msbf);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn base32_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Base32);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn base32hex_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Base32Hex);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn base64_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Base64);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn base64url_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Base64Url);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn z85_round_trip() {
-    generic_round_trip(Format::Z85);
-}
diff --git a/src/uu/chcon/src/chcon.rs b/src/uu/chcon/src/chcon.rs
index 1a804bd3b..b5b892f6c 100644
--- a/src/uu/chcon/src/chcon.rs
+++ b/src/uu/chcon/src/chcon.rs
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ fn get_root_dev_ino() -> Result<DeviceAndINode> {
 }
 
 fn root_dev_ino_check(root_dev_ino: Option<DeviceAndINode>, dir_dev_ino: DeviceAndINode) -> bool {
-    root_dev_ino.map_or(false, |root_dev_ino| root_dev_ino == dir_dev_ino)
+    root_dev_ino == Some(dir_dev_ino)
 }
 
 fn root_dev_ino_warn(dir_name: &Path) {
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ enum SELinuxSecurityContext<'t> {
     String(Option<CString>),
 }
 
-impl<'t> SELinuxSecurityContext<'t> {
+impl SELinuxSecurityContext<'_> {
     fn to_c_string(&self) -> Result<Option<Cow<CStr>>> {
         match self {
             Self::File(context) => context
diff --git a/src/uu/cksum/src/cksum.rs b/src/uu/cksum/src/cksum.rs
index e7d73a3bb..e96d2de6f 100644
--- a/src/uu/cksum/src/cksum.rs
+++ b/src/uu/cksum/src/cksum.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use std::iter;
 use std::path::Path;
 use uucore::checksum::{
     calculate_blake2b_length, detect_algo, digest_reader, perform_checksum_validation,
-    ChecksumError, ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B, ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BSD, ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_CRC,
-    ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_SYSV, SUPPORTED_ALGORITHMS,
+    ChecksumError, ChecksumOptions, ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B, ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BSD,
+    ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_CRC, ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_SYSV, SUPPORTED_ALGORITHMS,
 };
 use uucore::{
     encoding,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use uucore::{
     format_usage, help_about, help_section, help_usage,
     line_ending::LineEnding,
     os_str_as_bytes, show,
-    sum::{div_ceil, Digest},
+    sum::Digest,
 };
 
 const USAGE: &str = help_usage!("cksum.md");
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ where
                 format!(
                     "{} {}{}",
                     sum.parse::<u16>().unwrap(),
-                    div_ceil(sz, options.output_bits),
+                    sz.div_ceil(options.output_bits),
                     if not_file { "" } else { " " }
                 ),
                 !not_file,
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ where
                 format!(
                     "{:0bsd_width$} {:bsd_width$}{}",
                     sum.parse::<u16>().unwrap(),
-                    div_ceil(sz, options.output_bits),
+                    sz.div_ceil(options.output_bits),
                     if not_file { "" } else { " " }
                 ),
                 !not_file,
@@ -318,17 +318,16 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
             || iter::once(OsStr::new("-")).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             |files| files.map(OsStr::new).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         );
-        return perform_checksum_validation(
-            files.iter().copied(),
-            strict,
-            status,
-            warn,
-            binary_flag,
+        let opts = ChecksumOptions {
+            binary: binary_flag,
             ignore_missing,
             quiet,
-            algo_option,
-            length,
-        );
+            status,
+            strict,
+            warn,
+        };
+
+        return perform_checksum_validation(files.iter().copied(), algo_option, length, opts);
     }
 
     let (tag, asterisk) = handle_tag_text_binary_flags(&matches)?;
diff --git a/src/uu/comm/src/comm.rs b/src/uu/comm/src/comm.rs
index cae405865..ae57b8bf8 100644
--- a/src/uu/comm/src/comm.rs
+++ b/src/uu/comm/src/comm.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore (ToDO) delim mkdelim
 
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::fs::File;
+use std::fs::{metadata, File};
 use std::io::{self, stdin, BufRead, BufReader, Stdin};
-use std::path::Path;
 use uucore::error::{FromIo, UResult, USimpleError};
 use uucore::line_ending::LineEnding;
 use uucore::{format_usage, help_about, help_usage};
@@ -130,7 +129,10 @@ fn open_file(name: &str, line_ending: LineEnding) -> io::Result<LineReader> {
     if name == "-" {
         Ok(LineReader::new(Input::Stdin(stdin()), line_ending))
     } else {
-        let f = File::open(Path::new(name))?;
+        if metadata(name)?.is_dir() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "Is a directory"));
+        }
+        let f = File::open(name)?;
         Ok(LineReader::new(
             Input::FileIn(BufReader::new(f)),
             line_ending,
diff --git a/src/uu/cp/Cargo.toml b/src/uu/cp/Cargo.toml
index 6801e6a09..3912f3308 100644
--- a/src/uu/cp/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/uu/cp/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ uucore = { workspace = true, features = [
   "backup-control",
   "entries",
   "fs",
+  "fsxattr",
   "perms",
   "mode",
   "update-control",
diff --git a/src/uu/cp/src/cp.rs b/src/uu/cp/src/cp.rs
index 32168b090..b74694047 100644
--- a/src/uu/cp/src/cp.rs
+++ b/src/uu/cp/src/cp.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use std::os::unix::fs::{FileTypeExt, PermissionsExt};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf, StripPrefixError};
+#[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "android")))]
+use uucore::fsxattr::copy_xattrs;
 
 use clap::{builder::ValueParser, crate_version, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 use filetime::FileTime;
@@ -1605,12 +1607,7 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_attributes(
     handle_preserve(&attributes.xattr, || -> CopyResult<()> {
         #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "android")))]
         {
-            let xattrs = xattr::list(source)?;
-            for attr in xattrs {
-                if let Some(attr_value) = xattr::get(source, attr.clone())? {
-                    xattr::set(dest, attr, &attr_value[..])?;
-                }
-            }
+            copy_xattrs(source, dest)?;
         }
         #[cfg(not(all(unix, not(target_os = "android"))))]
         {
diff --git a/src/uu/csplit/src/csplit.rs b/src/uu/csplit/src/csplit.rs
index 9e132b704..0602f0dee 100644
--- a/src/uu/csplit/src/csplit.rs
+++ b/src/uu/csplit/src/csplit.rs
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ struct SplitWriter<'a> {
     dev_null: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Drop for SplitWriter<'a> {
+impl Drop for SplitWriter<'_> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         if self.options.elide_empty_files && self.size == 0 {
             let file_name = self.options.split_name.get(self.counter);
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ impl<'a> Drop for SplitWriter<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> SplitWriter<'a> {
+impl SplitWriter<'_> {
     fn new(options: &CsplitOptions) -> SplitWriter {
         SplitWriter {
             options,
@@ -621,8 +621,9 @@ pub fn uu_app() -> Command {
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::new(options::QUIET)
-                .short('s')
+                .short('q')
                 .long(options::QUIET)
+                .visible_short_alias('s')
                 .visible_alias("silent")
                 .help("do not print counts of output file sizes")
                 .action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
diff --git a/src/uu/csplit/src/patterns.rs b/src/uu/csplit/src/patterns.rs
index bd6c4fbfa..edd632d08 100644
--- a/src/uu/csplit/src/patterns.rs
+++ b/src/uu/csplit/src/patterns.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub fn get_patterns(args: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<Pattern>, CsplitError> {
 fn extract_patterns(args: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<Pattern>, CsplitError> {
     let mut patterns = Vec::with_capacity(args.len());
     let to_match_reg =
-        Regex::new(r"^(/(?P<UPTO>.+)/|%(?P<SKIPTO>.+)%)(?P<OFFSET>[\+-]\d+)?$").unwrap();
+        Regex::new(r"^(/(?P<UPTO>.+)/|%(?P<SKIPTO>.+)%)(?P<OFFSET>[\+-]?\d+)?$").unwrap();
     let execute_ntimes_reg = Regex::new(r"^\{(?P<TIMES>\d+)|\*\}$").unwrap();
     let mut iter = args.iter().peekable();
 
@@ -219,14 +219,15 @@ mod tests {
             "{*}",
             "/test3.*end$/",
             "{4}",
-            "/test4.*end$/+3",
-            "/test5.*end$/-3",
+            "/test4.*end$/3",
+            "/test5.*end$/+3",
+            "/test6.*end$/-3",
         ]
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| v.to_string())
         .collect();
         let patterns = get_patterns(input.as_slice()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 5);
+        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 6);
         match patterns.first() {
             Some(Pattern::UpToMatch(reg, 0, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
                 let parsed_reg = format!("{reg}");
@@ -256,12 +257,19 @@ mod tests {
             _ => panic!("expected UpToMatch pattern"),
         };
         match patterns.get(4) {
-            Some(Pattern::UpToMatch(reg, -3, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
+            Some(Pattern::UpToMatch(reg, 3, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
                 let parsed_reg = format!("{reg}");
                 assert_eq!(parsed_reg, "test5.*end$");
             }
             _ => panic!("expected UpToMatch pattern"),
         };
+        match patterns.get(5) {
+            Some(Pattern::UpToMatch(reg, -3, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
+                let parsed_reg = format!("{reg}");
+                assert_eq!(parsed_reg, "test6.*end$");
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected UpToMatch pattern"),
+        };
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -273,14 +281,15 @@ mod tests {
             "{*}",
             "%test3.*end$%",
             "{4}",
-            "%test4.*end$%+3",
-            "%test5.*end$%-3",
+            "%test4.*end$%3",
+            "%test5.*end$%+3",
+            "%test6.*end$%-3",
         ]
         .into_iter()
         .map(|v| v.to_string())
         .collect();
         let patterns = get_patterns(input.as_slice()).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 5);
+        assert_eq!(patterns.len(), 6);
         match patterns.first() {
             Some(Pattern::SkipToMatch(reg, 0, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
                 let parsed_reg = format!("{reg}");
@@ -310,12 +319,19 @@ mod tests {
             _ => panic!("expected SkipToMatch pattern"),
         };
         match patterns.get(4) {
-            Some(Pattern::SkipToMatch(reg, -3, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
+            Some(Pattern::SkipToMatch(reg, 3, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
                 let parsed_reg = format!("{reg}");
                 assert_eq!(parsed_reg, "test5.*end$");
             }
             _ => panic!("expected SkipToMatch pattern"),
         };
+        match patterns.get(5) {
+            Some(Pattern::SkipToMatch(reg, -3, ExecutePattern::Times(1))) => {
+                let parsed_reg = format!("{reg}");
+                assert_eq!(parsed_reg, "test6.*end$");
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected SkipToMatch pattern"),
+        };
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/uu/cut/src/cut.rs b/src/uu/cut/src/cut.rs
index cd6eb22d3..5e128425b 100644
--- a/src/uu/cut/src/cut.rs
+++ b/src/uu/cut/src/cut.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use bstr::io::BufReadExt;
 use clap::{builder::ValueParser, crate_version, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::{stdin, stdout, BufReader, BufWriter, IsTerminal, Read, Write};
+use std::io::{stdin, stdout, BufRead, BufReader, BufWriter, IsTerminal, Read, Write};
 use std::path::Path;
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::error::{set_exit_code, FromIo, UResult, USimpleError};
@@ -131,8 +131,9 @@ fn cut_fields_explicit_out_delim<R: Read, M: Matcher>(
 
         if delim_search.peek().is_none() {
             if !only_delimited {
+                // Always write the entire line, even if it doesn't end with `newline_char`
                 out.write_all(line)?;
-                if line[line.len() - 1] != newline_char {
+                if line.is_empty() || line[line.len() - 1] != newline_char {
                     out.write_all(&[newline_char])?;
                 }
             }
@@ -214,8 +215,9 @@ fn cut_fields_implicit_out_delim<R: Read, M: Matcher>(
 
         if delim_search.peek().is_none() {
             if !only_delimited {
+                // Always write the entire line, even if it doesn't end with `newline_char`
                 out.write_all(line)?;
-                if line[line.len() - 1] != newline_char {
+                if line.is_empty() || line[line.len() - 1] != newline_char {
                     out.write_all(&[newline_char])?;
                 }
             }
@@ -265,10 +267,46 @@ fn cut_fields_implicit_out_delim<R: Read, M: Matcher>(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+// The input delimiter is identical to `newline_char`
+fn cut_fields_newline_char_delim<R: Read>(
+    reader: R,
+    ranges: &[Range],
+    newline_char: u8,
+    out_delim: &[u8],
+) -> UResult<()> {
+    let buf_in = BufReader::new(reader);
+    let mut out = stdout_writer();
+
+    let segments: Vec<_> = buf_in.split(newline_char).filter_map(|x| x.ok()).collect();
+    let mut print_delim = false;
+
+    for &Range { low, high } in ranges {
+        for i in low..=high {
+            // "- 1" is necessary because fields start from 1 whereas a Vec starts from 0
+            if let Some(segment) = segments.get(i - 1) {
+                if print_delim {
+                    out.write_all(out_delim)?;
+                } else {
+                    print_delim = true;
+                }
+                out.write_all(segment.as_slice())?;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out.write_all(&[newline_char])?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn cut_fields<R: Read>(reader: R, ranges: &[Range], opts: &Options) -> UResult<()> {
     let newline_char = opts.line_ending.into();
     let field_opts = opts.field_opts.as_ref().unwrap(); // it is safe to unwrap() here - field_opts will always be Some() for cut_fields() call
     match field_opts.delimiter {
+        Delimiter::Slice(delim) if delim == [newline_char] => {
+            let out_delim = opts.out_delimiter.unwrap_or(delim);
+            cut_fields_newline_char_delim(reader, ranges, newline_char, out_delim)
+        }
         Delimiter::Slice(delim) => {
             let matcher = ExactMatcher::new(delim);
             match opts.out_delimiter {
@@ -348,10 +386,7 @@ fn cut_files(mut filenames: Vec<String>, mode: &Mode) {
 
 // Get delimiter and output delimiter from `-d`/`--delimiter` and `--output-delimiter` options respectively
 // Allow either delimiter to have a value that is neither UTF-8 nor ASCII to align with GNU behavior
-fn get_delimiters(
-    matches: &ArgMatches,
-    delimiter_is_equal: bool,
-) -> UResult<(Delimiter, Option<&[u8]>)> {
+fn get_delimiters(matches: &ArgMatches) -> UResult<(Delimiter, Option<&[u8]>)> {
     let whitespace_delimited = matches.get_flag(options::WHITESPACE_DELIMITED);
     let delim_opt = matches.get_one::<OsString>(options::DELIMITER);
     let delim = match delim_opt {
@@ -362,12 +397,7 @@ fn get_delimiters(
             ));
         }
         Some(os_string) => {
-            // GNU's `cut` supports `-d=` to set the delimiter to `=`.
-            // Clap parsing is limited in this situation, see:
-            // https://github.com/uutils/coreutils/issues/2424#issuecomment-863825242
-            if delimiter_is_equal {
-                Delimiter::Slice(b"=")
-            } else if os_string == "''" || os_string.is_empty() {
+            if os_string == "''" || os_string.is_empty() {
                 // treat `''` as empty delimiter
                 Delimiter::Slice(b"\0")
             } else {
@@ -421,15 +451,26 @@ mod options {
 
 #[uucore::main]
 pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
-    let args = args.collect::<Vec<OsString>>();
+    // GNU's `cut` supports `-d=` to set the delimiter to `=`.
+    // Clap parsing is limited in this situation, see:
+    // https://github.com/uutils/coreutils/issues/2424#issuecomment-863825242
+    let args: Vec<OsString> = args
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|x| {
+            if x == "-d=" {
+                "--delimiter==".into()
+            } else {
+                x
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
 
-    let delimiter_is_equal = args.contains(&OsString::from("-d=")); // special case
     let matches = uu_app().try_get_matches_from(args)?;
 
     let complement = matches.get_flag(options::COMPLEMENT);
     let only_delimited = matches.get_flag(options::ONLY_DELIMITED);
 
-    let (delimiter, out_delimiter) = get_delimiters(&matches, delimiter_is_equal)?;
+    let (delimiter, out_delimiter) = get_delimiters(&matches)?;
     let line_ending = LineEnding::from_zero_flag(matches.get_flag(options::ZERO_TERMINATED));
 
     // Only one, and only one of cutting mode arguments, i.e. `-b`, `-c`, `-f`,
diff --git a/src/uu/cut/src/matcher.rs b/src/uu/cut/src/matcher.rs
index 953e083b1..bb0c44d5b 100644
--- a/src/uu/cut/src/matcher.rs
+++ b/src/uu/cut/src/matcher.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl<'a> ExactMatcher<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Matcher for ExactMatcher<'a> {
+impl Matcher for ExactMatcher<'_> {
     fn next_match(&self, haystack: &[u8]) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
         let mut pos = 0usize;
         loop {
diff --git a/src/uu/cut/src/searcher.rs b/src/uu/cut/src/searcher.rs
index 21424790e..41c12cf6e 100644
--- a/src/uu/cut/src/searcher.rs
+++ b/src/uu/cut/src/searcher.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, M: Matcher> Searcher<'a, 'b, M> {
 // Iterate over field delimiters
 // Returns (first, last) positions of each sequence, where `haystack[first..last]`
 // corresponds to the delimiter.
-impl<'a, 'b, M: Matcher> Iterator for Searcher<'a, 'b, M> {
+impl<M: Matcher> Iterator for Searcher<'_, '_, M> {
     type Item = (usize, usize);
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
diff --git a/src/uu/date/src/date.rs b/src/uu/date/src/date.rs
index 9c7d86564..766e79bd4 100644
--- a/src/uu/date/src/date.rs
+++ b/src/uu/date/src/date.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ enum Iso8601Format {
     Ns,
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Iso8601Format {
+impl From<&str> for Iso8601Format {
     fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
         match s {
             HOURS => Self::Hours,
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ enum Rfc3339Format {
     Ns,
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Rfc3339Format {
+impl From<&str> for Rfc3339Format {
     fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
         match s {
             DATE => Self::Date,
diff --git a/src/uu/dd/src/dd.rs b/src/uu/dd/src/dd.rs
index 24fab1e2f..ca8c2a8b5 100644
--- a/src/uu/dd/src/dd.rs
+++ b/src/uu/dd/src/dd.rs
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ fn make_linux_iflags(iflags: &IFlags) -> Option<libc::c_int> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Read for Input<'a> {
+impl Read for Input<'_> {
     fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         let mut base_idx = 0;
         let target_len = buf.len();
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl<'a> Read for Input<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Input<'a> {
+impl Input<'_> {
     /// Discard the system file cache for the given portion of the input.
     ///
     /// `offset` and `len` specify a contiguous portion of the input.
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ enum BlockWriter<'a> {
     Unbuffered(Output<'a>),
 }
 
-impl<'a> BlockWriter<'a> {
+impl BlockWriter<'_> {
     fn discard_cache(&self, offset: libc::off_t, len: libc::off_t) {
         match self {
             Self::Unbuffered(o) => o.discard_cache(offset, len),
diff --git a/src/uu/dd/src/numbers.rs b/src/uu/dd/src/numbers.rs
index 8a6fa5a7a..d0ee2d90b 100644
--- a/src/uu/dd/src/numbers.rs
+++ b/src/uu/dd/src/numbers.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 //
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
-/// Functions for formatting a number as a magnitude and a unit suffix.
+
+//! Functions for formatting a number as a magnitude and a unit suffix.
 
 /// The first ten powers of 1024.
 const IEC_BASES: [u128; 10] = [
diff --git a/src/uu/df/src/df.rs b/src/uu/df/src/df.rs
index 517f8a31f..8ef84a463 100644
--- a/src/uu/df/src/df.rs
+++ b/src/uu/df/src/df.rs
@@ -311,7 +311,6 @@ fn is_best(previous: &[MountInfo], mi: &MountInfo) -> bool {
 ///
 /// Finally, if there are duplicate entries, the one with the shorter
 /// path is kept.
-
 fn filter_mount_list(vmi: Vec<MountInfo>, opt: &Options) -> Vec<MountInfo> {
     let mut result = vec![];
     for mi in vmi {
@@ -331,7 +330,6 @@ fn filter_mount_list(vmi: Vec<MountInfo>, opt: &Options) -> Vec<MountInfo> {
 ///
 /// `opt` excludes certain filesystems from consideration and allows for the synchronization of filesystems before running; see
 /// [`Options`] for more information.
-
 fn get_all_filesystems(opt: &Options) -> UResult<Vec<Filesystem>> {
     // Run a sync call before any operation if so instructed.
     if opt.sync {
diff --git a/src/uu/dircolors/README.md b/src/uu/dircolors/README.md
index ce8aa965f..62944d490 100644
--- a/src/uu/dircolors/README.md
+++ b/src/uu/dircolors/README.md
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ Run the tests:
 cargo test --features "dircolors" --no-default-features
 ```
 
-Edit `/PATH_TO_COREUTILS/src/uu/dircolors/src/colors.rs` until the tests pass.
+Edit `/PATH_TO_COREUTILS/src/uu/dircolors/src/dircolors.rs` until the tests pass.
diff --git a/src/uu/du/src/du.rs b/src/uu/du/src/du.rs
index a35e9f77e..2392497a9 100644
--- a/src/uu/du/src/du.rs
+++ b/src/uu/du/src/du.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt::Display;
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 use std::fs::Metadata;
-use std::fs::{self, File};
+use std::fs::{self, DirEntry, File};
 use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader};
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
@@ -138,7 +138,11 @@ struct Stat {
 }
 
 impl Stat {
-    fn new(path: &Path, options: &TraversalOptions) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
+    fn new(
+        path: &Path,
+        dir_entry: Option<&DirEntry>,
+        options: &TraversalOptions,
+    ) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
         // Determine whether to dereference (follow) the symbolic link
         let should_dereference = match &options.dereference {
             Deref::All => true,
@@ -149,8 +153,11 @@ impl Stat {
         let metadata = if should_dereference {
             // Get metadata, following symbolic links if necessary
             fs::metadata(path)
+        } else if let Some(dir_entry) = dir_entry {
+            // Get metadata directly from the DirEntry, which is faster on Windows
+            dir_entry.metadata()
         } else {
-            // Get metadata without following symbolic links
+            // Get metadata from the filesystem without following symbolic links
             fs::symlink_metadata(path)
         }?;
 
@@ -164,7 +171,7 @@ impl Stat {
             Ok(Self {
                 path: path.to_path_buf(),
                 is_dir: metadata.is_dir(),
-                size: if path.is_dir() { 0 } else { metadata.len() },
+                size: if metadata.is_dir() { 0 } else { metadata.len() },
                 blocks: metadata.blocks(),
                 inodes: 1,
                 inode: Some(file_info),
@@ -182,7 +189,7 @@ impl Stat {
             Ok(Self {
                 path: path.to_path_buf(),
                 is_dir: metadata.is_dir(),
-                size: if path.is_dir() { 0 } else { metadata.len() },
+                size: if metadata.is_dir() { 0 } else { metadata.len() },
                 blocks: size_on_disk / 1024 * 2,
                 inodes: 1,
                 inode: file_info,
@@ -319,7 +326,7 @@ fn du(
         'file_loop: for f in read {
             match f {
                 Ok(entry) => {
-                    match Stat::new(&entry.path(), options) {
+                    match Stat::new(&entry.path(), Some(&entry), options) {
                         Ok(this_stat) => {
                             // We have an exclude list
                             for pattern in &options.excludes {
@@ -339,14 +346,21 @@ fn du(
                             }
 
                             if let Some(inode) = this_stat.inode {
-                                if seen_inodes.contains(&inode) {
-                                    if options.count_links {
+                                // Check if the inode has been seen before and if we should skip it
+                                if seen_inodes.contains(&inode)
+                                    && (!options.count_links || !options.all)
+                                {
+                                    // If `count_links` is enabled and `all` is not, increment the inode count
+                                    if options.count_links && !options.all {
                                         my_stat.inodes += 1;
                                     }
+                                    // Skip further processing for this inode
                                     continue;
                                 }
+                                // Mark this inode as seen
                                 seen_inodes.insert(inode);
                             }
+
                             if this_stat.is_dir {
                                 if options.one_file_system {
                                     if let (Some(this_inode), Some(my_inode)) =
@@ -519,7 +533,7 @@ impl StatPrinter {
 
                         if !self
                             .threshold
-                            .map_or(false, |threshold| threshold.should_exclude(size))
+                            .is_some_and(|threshold| threshold.should_exclude(size))
                             && self
                                 .max_depth
                                 .map_or(true, |max_depth| stat_info.depth <= max_depth)
@@ -543,9 +557,6 @@ impl StatPrinter {
     }
 
     fn convert_size(&self, size: u64) -> String {
-        if self.inodes {
-            return size.to_string();
-        }
         match self.size_format {
             SizeFormat::HumanDecimal => uucore::format::human::human_readable(
                 size,
@@ -555,7 +566,14 @@ impl StatPrinter {
                 size,
                 uucore::format::human::SizeFormat::Binary,
             ),
-            SizeFormat::BlockSize(block_size) => div_ceil(size, block_size).to_string(),
+            SizeFormat::BlockSize(block_size) => {
+                if self.inodes {
+                    // we ignore block size (-B) with --inodes
+                    size.to_string()
+                } else {
+                    size.div_ceil(block_size).to_string()
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -576,13 +594,6 @@ impl StatPrinter {
     }
 }
 
-// This can be replaced with u64::div_ceil once it is stabilized.
-// This implementation approach is optimized for when `b` is a constant,
-// particularly a power of two.
-pub fn div_ceil(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
-    (a + b - 1) / b
-}
-
 // Read file paths from the specified file, separated by null characters
 fn read_files_from(file_name: &str) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, std::io::Error> {
     let reader: Box<dyn BufRead> = if file_name == "-" {
@@ -638,6 +649,8 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
 
     let summarize = matches.get_flag(options::SUMMARIZE);
 
+    let count_links = matches.get_flag(options::COUNT_LINKS);
+
     let max_depth = parse_depth(
         matches
             .get_one::<String>(options::MAX_DEPTH)
@@ -658,15 +671,19 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
         }
 
         read_files_from(file_from)?
-    } else {
-        match matches.get_one::<String>(options::FILE) {
-            Some(_) => matches
-                .get_many::<String>(options::FILE)
-                .unwrap()
-                .map(PathBuf::from)
-                .collect(),
-            None => vec![PathBuf::from(".")],
+    } else if let Some(files) = matches.get_many::<String>(options::FILE) {
+        let files = files.map(PathBuf::from);
+        if count_links {
+            files.collect()
+        } else {
+            // Deduplicate while preserving order
+            let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+            files
+                .filter(|path| seen.insert(path.clone()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
         }
+    } else {
+        vec![PathBuf::from(".")]
     };
 
     let time = matches.contains_id(options::TIME).then(|| {
@@ -708,7 +725,7 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
         } else {
             Deref::None
         },
-        count_links: matches.get_flag(options::COUNT_LINKS),
+        count_links,
         verbose: matches.get_flag(options::VERBOSE),
         excludes: build_exclude_patterns(&matches)?,
     };
@@ -765,7 +782,7 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
         }
 
         // Check existence of path provided in argument
-        if let Ok(stat) = Stat::new(&path, &traversal_options) {
+        if let Ok(stat) = Stat::new(&path, None, &traversal_options) {
             // Kick off the computation of disk usage from the initial path
             let mut seen_inodes: HashSet<FileInfo> = HashSet::new();
             if let Some(inode) = stat.inode {
diff --git a/src/uu/echo/src/echo.rs b/src/uu/echo/src/echo.rs
index 746cdd7c5..097e4f2e9 100644
--- a/src/uu/echo/src/echo.rs
+++ b/src/uu/echo/src/echo.rs
@@ -208,13 +208,6 @@ fn print_escaped(input: &[u8], output: &mut StdoutLock) -> io::Result<ControlFlo
         }
 
         if let Some(next) = iter.next() {
-            // For extending lifetime
-            // Unnecessary when using Rust >= 1.79.0
-            // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/121346
-            // TODO: when we have a MSRV >= 1.79.0, delete these "hold" bindings
-            let hold_one_byte_outside_of_match: [u8; 1_usize];
-            let hold_two_bytes_outside_of_match: [u8; 2_usize];
-
             let unescaped: &[u8] = match *next {
                 b'\\' => br"\",
                 b'a' => b"\x07",
@@ -230,12 +223,7 @@ fn print_escaped(input: &[u8], output: &mut StdoutLock) -> io::Result<ControlFlo
                     if let Some(parsed_hexadecimal_number) =
                         parse_backslash_number(&mut iter, BackslashNumberType::Hexadecimal)
                     {
-                        // TODO: remove when we have a MSRV >= 1.79.0
-                        hold_one_byte_outside_of_match = [parsed_hexadecimal_number];
-
-                        // TODO: when we have a MSRV >= 1.79.0, return reference to a temporary array:
-                        // &[parsed_hexadecimal_number]
-                        &hold_one_byte_outside_of_match
+                        &[parsed_hexadecimal_number]
                     } else {
                         // "\x" with any non-hexadecimal digit after means "\x" is treated literally
                         br"\x"
@@ -246,12 +234,7 @@ fn print_escaped(input: &[u8], output: &mut StdoutLock) -> io::Result<ControlFlo
                         &mut iter,
                         BackslashNumberType::OctalStartingWithZero,
                     ) {
-                        // TODO: remove when we have a MSRV >= 1.79.0
-                        hold_one_byte_outside_of_match = [parsed_octal_number];
-
-                        // TODO: when we have a MSRV >= 1.79.0, return reference to a temporary array:
-                        // &[parsed_octal_number]
-                        &hold_one_byte_outside_of_match
+                        &[parsed_octal_number]
                     } else {
                         // "\0" with any non-octal digit after it means "\0" is treated as ASCII '\0' (NUL), 0x00
                         b"\0"
@@ -259,9 +242,7 @@ fn print_escaped(input: &[u8], output: &mut StdoutLock) -> io::Result<ControlFlo
                 }
                 other_byte => {
                     // Backslash and the following byte are treated literally
-                    hold_two_bytes_outside_of_match = [b'\\', other_byte];
-
-                    &hold_two_bytes_outside_of_match
+                    &[b'\\', other_byte]
                 }
             };
 
@@ -274,9 +255,26 @@ fn print_escaped(input: &[u8], output: &mut StdoutLock) -> io::Result<ControlFlo
     Ok(ControlFlow::Continue(()))
 }
 
+// A workaround because clap interprets the first '--' as a marker that a value
+// follows. In order to use '--' as a value, we have to inject an additional '--'
+fn handle_double_hyphens(args: impl uucore::Args) -> impl uucore::Args {
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    let mut is_first_double_hyphen = true;
+
+    for arg in args {
+        if arg == "--" && is_first_double_hyphen {
+            result.push(OsString::from("--"));
+            is_first_double_hyphen = false;
+        }
+        result.push(arg);
+    }
+
+    result.into_iter()
+}
+
 #[uucore::main]
 pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
-    let matches = uu_app().get_matches_from(args);
+    let matches = uu_app().get_matches_from(handle_double_hyphens(args));
 
     // TODO
     // "If the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is set, then when echo’s first argument is not -n it outputs option-like arguments instead of treating them as options."
diff --git a/src/uu/env/src/string_parser.rs b/src/uu/env/src/string_parser.rs
index 0ea4a3c0c..5cc8d77a1 100644
--- a/src/uu/env/src/string_parser.rs
+++ b/src/uu/env/src/string_parser.rs
@@ -114,10 +114,9 @@ impl<'a> StringParser<'a> {
     }
 
     pub fn peek_chunk(&self) -> Option<Chunk<'a>> {
-        return self
-            .get_chunk_with_length_at(self.pointer)
+        self.get_chunk_with_length_at(self.pointer)
             .ok()
-            .map(|(chunk, _)| chunk);
+            .map(|(chunk, _)| chunk)
     }
 
     pub fn consume_chunk(&mut self) -> Result<Chunk<'a>, Error> {
diff --git a/src/uu/env/src/variable_parser.rs b/src/uu/env/src/variable_parser.rs
index f225d4945..d08c9f0dc 100644
--- a/src/uu/env/src/variable_parser.rs
+++ b/src/uu/env/src/variable_parser.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pub struct VariableParser<'a, 'b> {
     pub parser: &'b mut StringParser<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b> VariableParser<'a, 'b> {
+impl<'a> VariableParser<'a, '_> {
     fn get_current_char(&self) -> Option<char> {
         self.parser.peek().ok()
     }
diff --git a/src/uu/fmt/src/fmt.rs b/src/uu/fmt/src/fmt.rs
index 007e75dd6..bb2e1a978 100644
--- a/src/uu/fmt/src/fmt.rs
+++ b/src/uu/fmt/src/fmt.rs
@@ -189,6 +189,13 @@ fn process_file(
         _ => {
             let f = File::open(file_name)
                 .map_err_context(|| format!("cannot open {} for reading", file_name.quote()))?;
+            if f.metadata()
+                .map_err_context(|| format!("cannot get metadata for {}", file_name.quote()))?
+                .is_dir()
+            {
+                return Err(USimpleError::new(1, "read error".to_string()));
+            }
+
             Box::new(f) as Box<dyn Read + 'static>
         }
     });
diff --git a/src/uu/fmt/src/linebreak.rs b/src/uu/fmt/src/linebreak.rs
index aa1477eba..05d01d1a3 100644
--- a/src/uu/fmt/src/linebreak.rs
+++ b/src/uu/fmt/src/linebreak.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct BreakArgs<'a> {
     ostream: &'a mut BufWriter<Stdout>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> BreakArgs<'a> {
+impl BreakArgs<'_> {
     fn compute_width(&self, winfo: &WordInfo, posn: usize, fresh: bool) -> usize {
         if fresh {
             0
diff --git a/src/uu/fmt/src/parasplit.rs b/src/uu/fmt/src/parasplit.rs
index 1ae8ea34f..8aa18c4c9 100644
--- a/src/uu/fmt/src/parasplit.rs
+++ b/src/uu/fmt/src/parasplit.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub struct FileLines<'a> {
     lines: Lines<&'a mut FileOrStdReader>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> FileLines<'a> {
+impl FileLines<'_> {
     fn new<'b>(opts: &'b FmtOptions, lines: Lines<&'b mut FileOrStdReader>) -> FileLines<'b> {
         FileLines { opts, lines }
     }
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'a> FileLines<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Iterator for FileLines<'a> {
+impl Iterator for FileLines<'_> {
     type Item = Line;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Line> {
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ pub struct ParagraphStream<'a> {
     opts: &'a FmtOptions,
 }
 
-impl<'a> ParagraphStream<'a> {
+impl ParagraphStream<'_> {
     pub fn new<'b>(opts: &'b FmtOptions, reader: &'b mut FileOrStdReader) -> ParagraphStream<'b> {
         let lines = FileLines::new(opts, reader.lines()).peekable();
         // at the beginning of the file, we might find mail headers
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ impl<'a> ParagraphStream<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Iterator for ParagraphStream<'a> {
+impl Iterator for ParagraphStream<'_> {
     type Item = Result<Paragraph, String>;
 
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ struct WordSplit<'a> {
     prev_punct: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a> WordSplit<'a> {
+impl WordSplit<'_> {
     fn analyze_tabs(&self, string: &str) -> (Option<usize>, usize, Option<usize>) {
         // given a string, determine (length before tab) and (printed length after first tab)
         // if there are no tabs, beforetab = -1 and aftertab is the printed length
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ impl<'a> WordSplit<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> WordSplit<'a> {
+impl WordSplit<'_> {
     fn new<'b>(opts: &'b FmtOptions, string: &'b str) -> WordSplit<'b> {
         // wordsplits *must* start at a non-whitespace character
         let trim_string = string.trim_start();
diff --git a/src/uu/fold/src/fold.rs b/src/uu/fold/src/fold.rs
index 0223248be..e17ba21c3 100644
--- a/src/uu/fold/src/fold.rs
+++ b/src/uu/fold/src/fold.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn uu_app() -> Command {
 fn handle_obsolete(args: &[String]) -> (Vec<String>, Option<String>) {
     for (i, arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
         let slice = &arg;
-        if slice.starts_with('-') && slice.chars().nth(1).map_or(false, |c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+        if slice.starts_with('-') && slice.chars().nth(1).is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
             let mut v = args.to_vec();
             v.remove(i);
             return (v, Some(slice[1..].to_owned()));
diff --git a/src/uu/hashsum/src/hashsum.rs b/src/uu/hashsum/src/hashsum.rs
index 90c8c8adf..1d3a758f5 100644
--- a/src/uu/hashsum/src/hashsum.rs
+++ b/src/uu/hashsum/src/hashsum.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use uucore::checksum::digest_reader;
 use uucore::checksum::escape_filename;
 use uucore::checksum::perform_checksum_validation;
 use uucore::checksum::ChecksumError;
+use uucore::checksum::ChecksumOptions;
 use uucore::checksum::HashAlgorithm;
 use uucore::error::{FromIo, UResult};
 use uucore::sum::{Digest, Sha3_224, Sha3_256, Sha3_384, Sha3_512, Shake128, Shake256};
@@ -239,18 +240,21 @@ pub fn uumain(mut args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
             || iter::once(OsStr::new("-")).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             |files| files.map(OsStr::new).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
         );
+        let opts = ChecksumOptions {
+            binary,
+            ignore_missing,
+            quiet,
+            status,
+            strict,
+            warn,
+        };
 
         // Execute the checksum validation
         return perform_checksum_validation(
             input.iter().copied(),
-            strict,
-            status,
-            warn,
-            binary,
-            ignore_missing,
-            quiet,
             Some(algo.name),
             Some(algo.bits),
+            opts,
         );
     } else if quiet {
         return Err(ChecksumError::QuietNotCheck.into());
diff --git a/src/uu/join/src/join.rs b/src/uu/join/src/join.rs
index e7bc7da69..f01f75b71 100644
--- a/src/uu/join/src/join.rs
+++ b/src/uu/join/src/join.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ struct MultiByteSep<'a> {
     finder: Finder<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Separator for MultiByteSep<'a> {
+impl Separator for MultiByteSep<'_> {
     fn field_ranges(&self, haystack: &[u8], len_guess: usize) -> Vec<(usize, usize)> {
         let mut field_ranges = Vec::with_capacity(len_guess);
         let mut last_end = 0;
diff --git a/src/uu/ls/src/colors.rs b/src/uu/ls/src/colors.rs
index 6c580d18a..4f97e42e2 100644
--- a/src/uu/ls/src/colors.rs
+++ b/src/uu/ls/src/colors.rs
@@ -156,6 +156,26 @@ pub(crate) fn color_name(
     target_symlink: Option<&PathData>,
     wrap: bool,
 ) -> String {
+    // Check if the file has capabilities
+    #[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "macos"))))]
+    {
+        // Skip checking capabilities if LS_COLORS=ca=:
+        let capabilities = style_manager
+            .colors
+            .style_for_indicator(Indicator::Capabilities);
+
+        let has_capabilities = if capabilities.is_none() {
+            false
+        } else {
+            uucore::fsxattr::has_acl(path.p_buf.as_path())
+        };
+
+        // If the file has capabilities, use a specific style for `ca` (capabilities)
+        if has_capabilities {
+            return style_manager.apply_style(capabilities, name, wrap);
+        }
+    }
+
     if !path.must_dereference {
         // If we need to dereference (follow) a symlink, we will need to get the metadata
         if let Some(de) = &path.de {
diff --git a/src/uu/ls/src/ls.rs b/src/uu/ls/src/ls.rs
index f4e347147..9a22006e0 100644
--- a/src/uu/ls/src/ls.rs
+++ b/src/uu/ls/src/ls.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use std::os::windows::fs::MetadataExt;
 use std::{
     cmp::Reverse,
     error::Error,
-    ffi::OsString,
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     fmt::{Display, Write as FmtWrite},
     fs::{self, DirEntry, FileType, Metadata, ReadDir},
     io::{stdout, BufWriter, ErrorKind, Stdout, Write},
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ use uucore::libc::{dev_t, major, minor};
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use uucore::libc::{S_IXGRP, S_IXOTH, S_IXUSR};
 use uucore::line_ending::LineEnding;
-use uucore::quoting_style::{escape_dir_name, escape_name, QuotingStyle};
+use uucore::quoting_style::{self, QuotingStyle};
 use uucore::{
     display::Quotable,
     error::{set_exit_code, UError, UResult},
@@ -2048,7 +2048,11 @@ impl PathData {
 /// file11
 /// ```
 fn show_dir_name(path_data: &PathData, out: &mut BufWriter<Stdout>, config: &Config) {
-    let escaped_name = escape_dir_name(path_data.p_buf.as_os_str(), &config.quoting_style);
+    // FIXME: replace this with appropriate behavior for literal unprintable bytes
+    let escaped_name =
+        quoting_style::escape_dir_name(path_data.p_buf.as_os_str(), &config.quoting_style)
+            .to_string_lossy()
+            .to_string();
 
     let name = if config.hyperlink && !config.dired {
         create_hyperlink(&escaped_name, path_data)
@@ -3002,7 +3006,6 @@ use std::sync::Mutex;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use uucore::entries;
 use uucore::fs::FileInformation;
-use uucore::quoting_style;
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
 fn cached_uid2usr(uid: u32) -> String {
@@ -3542,3 +3545,10 @@ fn calculate_padding_collection(
 
     padding_collections
 }
+
+// FIXME: replace this with appropriate behavior for literal unprintable bytes
+fn escape_name(name: &OsStr, style: &QuotingStyle) -> String {
+    quoting_style::escape_name(name, style)
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .to_string()
+}
diff --git a/src/uu/mkfifo/Cargo.toml b/src/uu/mkfifo/Cargo.toml
index 960ed601d..68f16a1f6 100644
--- a/src/uu/mkfifo/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/uu/mkfifo/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ path = "src/mkfifo.rs"
 [dependencies]
 clap = { workspace = true }
 libc = { workspace = true }
-uucore = { workspace = true }
+uucore = { workspace = true, features = ["fs"] }
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "mkfifo"
diff --git a/src/uu/mkfifo/src/mkfifo.rs b/src/uu/mkfifo/src/mkfifo.rs
index 9320f76ed..01fc5dc1e 100644
--- a/src/uu/mkfifo/src/mkfifo.rs
+++ b/src/uu/mkfifo/src/mkfifo.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 use clap::{crate_version, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use libc::mkfifo;
 use std::ffi::CString;
+use std::fs;
+use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::error::{UResult, USimpleError};
 use uucore::{format_usage, help_about, help_usage, show};
@@ -32,11 +34,13 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
     }
 
     let mode = match matches.get_one::<String>(options::MODE) {
+        // if mode is passed, ignore umask
         Some(m) => match usize::from_str_radix(m, 8) {
             Ok(m) => m,
             Err(e) => return Err(USimpleError::new(1, format!("invalid mode: {e}"))),
         },
-        None => 0o666,
+        // Default value + umask if present
+        None => 0o666 & !(uucore::mode::get_umask() as usize),
     };
 
     let fifos: Vec<String> = match matches.get_many::<String>(options::FIFO) {
@@ -47,12 +51,20 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
     for f in fifos {
         let err = unsafe {
             let name = CString::new(f.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-            mkfifo(name.as_ptr(), mode as libc::mode_t)
+            mkfifo(name.as_ptr(), 0o666)
         };
         if err == -1 {
             show!(USimpleError::new(
                 1,
-                format!("cannot create fifo {}: File exists", f.quote())
+                format!("cannot create fifo {}: File exists", f.quote()),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Explicitly set the permissions to ignore umask
+        if let Err(e) = fs::set_permissions(&f, fs::Permissions::from_mode(mode as u32)) {
+            return Err(USimpleError::new(
+                1,
+                format!("cannot set permissions on {}: {}", f.quote(), e),
             ));
         }
     }
@@ -71,7 +83,6 @@ pub fn uu_app() -> Command {
                 .short('m')
                 .long(options::MODE)
                 .help("file permissions for the fifo")
-                .default_value("0666")
                 .value_name("MODE"),
         )
         .arg(
diff --git a/src/uu/more/src/more.rs b/src/uu/more/src/more.rs
index 0b8c838f2..61d9b2adb 100644
--- a/src/uu/more/src/more.rs
+++ b/src/uu/more/src/more.rs
@@ -98,10 +98,7 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
         println!("{panic_info}");
     }));
 
-    let matches = match uu_app().try_get_matches_from(args) {
-        Ok(m) => m,
-        Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
-    };
+    let matches = uu_app().try_get_matches_from(args)?;
 
     let mut options = Options::from(&matches);
 
@@ -308,12 +305,12 @@ fn more(
         rows = number;
     }
 
-    let lines = break_buff(buff, usize::from(cols));
+    let lines = break_buff(buff, cols as usize);
 
     let mut pager = Pager::new(rows, lines, next_file, options);
 
-    if options.pattern.is_some() {
-        match search_pattern_in_file(&pager.lines, &options.pattern) {
+    if let Some(pat) = options.pattern.as_ref() {
+        match search_pattern_in_file(&pager.lines, pat) {
             Some(number) => pager.upper_mark = number,
             None => {
                 execute!(stdout, terminal::Clear(terminal::ClearType::CurrentLine))?;
@@ -446,8 +443,8 @@ struct Pager<'a> {
     // The current line at the top of the screen
     upper_mark: usize,
     // The number of rows that fit on the screen
-    content_rows: u16,
-    lines: Vec<String>,
+    content_rows: usize,
+    lines: Vec<&'a str>,
     next_file: Option<&'a str>,
     line_count: usize,
     silent: bool,
@@ -456,11 +453,11 @@ struct Pager<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Pager<'a> {
-    fn new(rows: u16, lines: Vec<String>, next_file: Option<&'a str>, options: &Options) -> Self {
+    fn new(rows: u16, lines: Vec<&'a str>, next_file: Option<&'a str>, options: &Options) -> Self {
         let line_count = lines.len();
         Self {
             upper_mark: options.from_line,
-            content_rows: rows.saturating_sub(1),
+            content_rows: rows.saturating_sub(1) as usize,
             lines,
             next_file,
             line_count,
@@ -472,30 +469,25 @@ impl<'a> Pager<'a> {
 
     fn should_close(&mut self) -> bool {
         self.upper_mark
-            .saturating_add(self.content_rows.into())
+            .saturating_add(self.content_rows)
             .ge(&self.line_count)
     }
 
     fn page_down(&mut self) {
         // If the next page down position __after redraw__ is greater than the total line count,
         // the upper mark must not grow past top of the screen at the end of the open file.
-        if self
-            .upper_mark
-            .saturating_add(self.content_rows as usize * 2)
-            .ge(&self.line_count)
-        {
-            self.upper_mark = self.line_count - self.content_rows as usize;
+        if self.upper_mark.saturating_add(self.content_rows * 2) >= self.line_count {
+            self.upper_mark = self.line_count - self.content_rows;
             return;
         }
 
-        self.upper_mark = self.upper_mark.saturating_add(self.content_rows.into());
+        self.upper_mark = self.upper_mark.saturating_add(self.content_rows);
     }
 
     fn page_up(&mut self) {
-        let content_row_usize: usize = self.content_rows.into();
         self.upper_mark = self
             .upper_mark
-            .saturating_sub(content_row_usize.saturating_add(self.line_squeezed));
+            .saturating_sub(self.content_rows.saturating_add(self.line_squeezed));
 
         if self.squeeze {
             let iter = self.lines.iter().take(self.upper_mark).rev();
@@ -520,7 +512,7 @@ impl<'a> Pager<'a> {
     // TODO: Deal with column size changes.
     fn page_resize(&mut self, _: u16, row: u16, option_line: Option<u16>) {
         if option_line.is_none() {
-            self.content_rows = row.saturating_sub(1);
+            self.content_rows = row.saturating_sub(1) as usize;
         };
     }
 
@@ -528,7 +520,7 @@ impl<'a> Pager<'a> {
         self.draw_lines(stdout);
         let lower_mark = self
             .line_count
-            .min(self.upper_mark.saturating_add(self.content_rows.into()));
+            .min(self.upper_mark.saturating_add(self.content_rows));
         self.draw_prompt(stdout, lower_mark, wrong_key);
         stdout.flush().unwrap();
     }
@@ -541,7 +533,7 @@ impl<'a> Pager<'a> {
         let mut displayed_lines = Vec::new();
         let mut iter = self.lines.iter().skip(self.upper_mark);
 
-        while displayed_lines.len() < self.content_rows as usize {
+        while displayed_lines.len() < self.content_rows {
             match iter.next() {
                 Some(line) => {
                     if self.squeeze {
@@ -608,13 +600,12 @@ impl<'a> Pager<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-fn search_pattern_in_file(lines: &[String], pattern: &Option<String>) -> Option<usize> {
-    let pattern = pattern.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+fn search_pattern_in_file(lines: &[&str], pattern: &str) -> Option<usize> {
     if lines.is_empty() || pattern.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
     for (line_number, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
-        if line.contains(pattern.as_str()) {
+        if line.contains(pattern) {
             return Some(line_number);
         }
     }
@@ -630,8 +621,10 @@ fn paging_add_back_message(options: &Options, stdout: &mut std::io::Stdout) -> U
 }
 
 // Break the lines on the cols of the terminal
-fn break_buff(buff: &str, cols: usize) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut lines = Vec::with_capacity(buff.lines().count());
+fn break_buff(buff: &str, cols: usize) -> Vec<&str> {
+    // We _could_ do a precise with_capacity here, but that would require scanning the
+    // whole buffer. Just guess a value instead.
+    let mut lines = Vec::with_capacity(2048);
 
     for l in buff.lines() {
         lines.append(&mut break_line(l, cols));
@@ -639,11 +632,11 @@ fn break_buff(buff: &str, cols: usize) -> Vec<String> {
     lines
 }
 
-fn break_line(line: &str, cols: usize) -> Vec<String> {
+fn break_line(line: &str, cols: usize) -> Vec<&str> {
     let width = UnicodeWidthStr::width(line);
     let mut lines = Vec::new();
     if width < cols {
-        lines.push(line.to_string());
+        lines.push(line);
         return lines;
     }
 
@@ -655,14 +648,14 @@ fn break_line(line: &str, cols: usize) -> Vec<String> {
         total_width += width;
 
         if total_width > cols {
-            lines.push(line[last_index..index].to_string());
+            lines.push(&line[last_index..index]);
             last_index = index;
             total_width = width;
         }
     }
 
     if last_index != line.len() {
-        lines.push(line[last_index..].to_string());
+        lines.push(&line[last_index..]);
     }
     lines
 }
@@ -707,63 +700,46 @@ mod tests {
             test_string.push_str("👩🏻‍🔬");
         }
 
-        let lines = break_line(&test_string, 80);
+        let lines = break_line(&test_string, 31);
 
         let widths: Vec<usize> = lines
             .iter()
             .map(|s| UnicodeWidthStr::width(&s[..]))
             .collect();
 
-        // Each 👩🏻‍🔬 is 6 character width it break line to the closest number to 80 => 6 * 13 = 78
-        assert_eq!((78, 42), (widths[0], widths[1]));
+        // Each 👩🏻‍🔬 is 2 character width, break line to the closest even number to 31
+        assert_eq!((30, 10), (widths[0], widths[1]));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_search_pattern_empty_lines() {
         let lines = vec![];
-        let pattern = Some(String::from("pattern"));
-        assert_eq!(None, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, &pattern));
+        let pattern = "pattern";
+        assert_eq!(None, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, pattern));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_search_pattern_empty_pattern() {
-        let lines = vec![String::from("line1"), String::from("line2")];
-        let pattern = None;
-        assert_eq!(None, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, &pattern));
+        let lines = vec!["line1", "line2"];
+        let pattern = "";
+        assert_eq!(None, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, pattern));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_search_pattern_found_pattern() {
-        let lines = vec![
-            String::from("line1"),
-            String::from("line2"),
-            String::from("pattern"),
-        ];
-        let lines2 = vec![
-            String::from("line1"),
-            String::from("line2"),
-            String::from("pattern"),
-            String::from("pattern2"),
-        ];
-        let lines3 = vec![
-            String::from("line1"),
-            String::from("line2"),
-            String::from("other_pattern"),
-        ];
-        let pattern = Some(String::from("pattern"));
-        assert_eq!(2, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, &pattern).unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(2, search_pattern_in_file(&lines2, &pattern).unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(2, search_pattern_in_file(&lines3, &pattern).unwrap());
+        let lines = vec!["line1", "line2", "pattern"];
+        let lines2 = vec!["line1", "line2", "pattern", "pattern2"];
+        let lines3 = vec!["line1", "line2", "other_pattern"];
+        let pattern = "pattern";
+        assert_eq!(2, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, pattern).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(2, search_pattern_in_file(&lines2, pattern).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(2, search_pattern_in_file(&lines3, pattern).unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_search_pattern_not_found_pattern() {
-        let lines = vec![
-            String::from("line1"),
-            String::from("line2"),
-            String::from("something"),
-        ];
-        let pattern = Some(String::from("pattern"));
-        assert_eq!(None, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, &pattern));
+        let lines = vec!["line1", "line2", "something"];
+        let pattern = "pattern";
+        assert_eq!(None, search_pattern_in_file(&lines, pattern));
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/uu/mv/src/error.rs b/src/uu/mv/src/error.rs
index f989d4e13..6daa8188e 100644
--- a/src/uu/mv/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/uu/mv/src/error.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ pub enum MvError {
     NoSuchFile(String),
     CannotStatNotADirectory(String),
     SameFile(String, String),
-    SelfSubdirectory(String),
     SelfTargetSubdirectory(String, String),
     DirectoryToNonDirectory(String),
     NonDirectoryToDirectory(String, String),
@@ -29,14 +28,9 @@ impl Display for MvError {
             Self::NoSuchFile(s) => write!(f, "cannot stat {s}: No such file or directory"),
             Self::CannotStatNotADirectory(s) => write!(f, "cannot stat {s}: Not a directory"),
             Self::SameFile(s, t) => write!(f, "{s} and {t} are the same file"),
-            Self::SelfSubdirectory(s) => write!(
-                f,
-                "cannot move '{s}' to a subdirectory of itself, '{s}/{s}'"
-            ),
-            Self::SelfTargetSubdirectory(s, t) => write!(
-                f,
-                "cannot move '{s}' to a subdirectory of itself, '{t}/{s}'"
-            ),
+            Self::SelfTargetSubdirectory(s, t) => {
+                write!(f, "cannot move {s} to a subdirectory of itself, {t}")
+            }
             Self::DirectoryToNonDirectory(t) => {
                 write!(f, "cannot overwrite directory {t} with non-directory")
             }
diff --git a/src/uu/mv/src/mv.rs b/src/uu/mv/src/mv.rs
index c57f2527e..675982bac 100644
--- a/src/uu/mv/src/mv.rs
+++ b/src/uu/mv/src/mv.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ use std::io;
 use std::os::unix;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 use std::os::windows;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::path::{absolute, Path, PathBuf};
 use uucore::backup_control::{self, source_is_target_backup};
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::error::{set_exit_code, FromIo, UResult, USimpleError, UUsageError};
 use uucore::fs::{
-    are_hardlinks_or_one_way_symlink_to_same_file, are_hardlinks_to_same_file,
-    path_ends_with_terminator,
+    are_hardlinks_or_one_way_symlink_to_same_file, are_hardlinks_to_same_file, canonicalize,
+    path_ends_with_terminator, MissingHandling, ResolveMode,
 };
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "redox"))))]
 use uucore::fsxattr;
@@ -322,20 +322,6 @@ fn handle_two_paths(source: &Path, target: &Path, opts: &Options) -> UResult<()>
         });
     }
 
-    if (source.eq(target)
-        || are_hardlinks_to_same_file(source, target)
-        || are_hardlinks_or_one_way_symlink_to_same_file(source, target))
-        && opts.backup == BackupMode::NoBackup
-    {
-        if source.eq(Path::new(".")) || source.ends_with("/.") || source.is_file() {
-            return Err(
-                MvError::SameFile(source.quote().to_string(), target.quote().to_string()).into(),
-            );
-        } else {
-            return Err(MvError::SelfSubdirectory(source.display().to_string()).into());
-        }
-    }
-
     let target_is_dir = target.is_dir();
     let source_is_dir = source.is_dir();
 
@@ -347,6 +333,8 @@ fn handle_two_paths(source: &Path, target: &Path, opts: &Options) -> UResult<()>
         return Err(MvError::FailedToAccessNotADirectory(target.quote().to_string()).into());
     }
 
+    assert_not_same_file(source, target, target_is_dir, opts)?;
+
     if target_is_dir {
         if opts.no_target_dir {
             if source.is_dir() {
@@ -356,14 +344,6 @@ fn handle_two_paths(source: &Path, target: &Path, opts: &Options) -> UResult<()>
             } else {
                 Err(MvError::DirectoryToNonDirectory(target.quote().to_string()).into())
             }
-        // Check that source & target do not contain same subdir/dir when both exist
-        // mkdir dir1/dir2; mv dir1 dir1/dir2
-        } else if target.starts_with(source) {
-            Err(MvError::SelfTargetSubdirectory(
-                source.display().to_string(),
-                target.display().to_string(),
-            )
-            .into())
         } else {
             move_files_into_dir(&[source.to_path_buf()], target, opts)
         }
@@ -387,6 +367,88 @@ fn handle_two_paths(source: &Path, target: &Path, opts: &Options) -> UResult<()>
     }
 }
 
+fn assert_not_same_file(
+    source: &Path,
+    target: &Path,
+    target_is_dir: bool,
+    opts: &Options,
+) -> UResult<()> {
+    // we'll compare canonicalized_source and canonicalized_target for same file detection
+    let canonicalized_source = match canonicalize(
+        absolute(source)?,
+        MissingHandling::Normal,
+        ResolveMode::Logical,
+    ) {
+        Ok(source) if source.exists() => source,
+        _ => absolute(source)?, // file or symlink target doesn't exist but its absolute path is still used for comparison
+    };
+
+    // special case if the target exists, is a directory, and the `-T` flag wasn't used
+    let target_is_dir = target_is_dir && !opts.no_target_dir;
+    let canonicalized_target = if target_is_dir {
+        // `mv source_file target_dir` => target_dir/source_file
+        // canonicalize the path that exists (target directory) and join the source file name
+        canonicalize(
+            absolute(target)?,
+            MissingHandling::Normal,
+            ResolveMode::Logical,
+        )?
+        .join(source.file_name().unwrap_or_default())
+    } else {
+        // `mv source target_dir/target` => target_dir/target
+        // we canonicalize target_dir and join /target
+        match absolute(target)?.parent() {
+            Some(parent) if parent.to_str() != Some("") => {
+                canonicalize(parent, MissingHandling::Normal, ResolveMode::Logical)?
+                    .join(target.file_name().unwrap_or_default())
+            }
+            // path.parent() returns Some("") or None if there's no parent
+            _ => absolute(target)?, // absolute paths should always have a parent, but we'll fall back just in case
+        }
+    };
+
+    let same_file = (canonicalized_source.eq(&canonicalized_target)
+        || are_hardlinks_to_same_file(source, target)
+        || are_hardlinks_or_one_way_symlink_to_same_file(source, target))
+        && opts.backup == BackupMode::NoBackup;
+
+    // get the expected target path to show in errors
+    // this is based on the argument and not canonicalized
+    let target_display = match source.file_name() {
+        Some(file_name) if target_is_dir => {
+            // join target_dir/source_file in a platform-independent manner
+            let mut path = target
+                .display()
+                .to_string()
+                .trim_end_matches("/")
+                .to_owned();
+
+            path.push('/');
+            path.push_str(&file_name.to_string_lossy());
+
+            path.quote().to_string()
+        }
+        _ => target.quote().to_string(),
+    };
+
+    if same_file
+        && (canonicalized_source.eq(&canonicalized_target)
+            || source.eq(Path::new("."))
+            || source.ends_with("/.")
+            || source.is_file())
+    {
+        return Err(MvError::SameFile(source.quote().to_string(), target_display).into());
+    } else if (same_file || canonicalized_target.starts_with(canonicalized_source))
+        // don't error if we're moving a symlink of a directory into itself
+        && !source.is_symlink()
+    {
+        return Err(
+            MvError::SelfTargetSubdirectory(source.quote().to_string(), target_display).into(),
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn handle_multiple_paths(paths: &[PathBuf], opts: &Options) -> UResult<()> {
     if opts.no_target_dir {
         return Err(UUsageError::new(
@@ -425,10 +487,6 @@ fn move_files_into_dir(files: &[PathBuf], target_dir: &Path, options: &Options)
         return Err(MvError::NotADirectory(target_dir.quote().to_string()).into());
     }
 
-    let canonicalized_target_dir = target_dir
-        .canonicalize()
-        .unwrap_or_else(|_| target_dir.to_path_buf());
-
     let multi_progress = options.progress_bar.then(MultiProgress::new);
 
     let count_progress = if let Some(ref multi_progress) = multi_progress {
@@ -479,24 +537,9 @@ fn move_files_into_dir(files: &[PathBuf], target_dir: &Path, options: &Options)
 
         // Check if we have mv dir1 dir2 dir2
         // And generate an error if this is the case
-        if let Ok(canonicalized_source) = sourcepath.canonicalize() {
-            if canonicalized_source == canonicalized_target_dir {
-                // User tried to move directory to itself, warning is shown
-                // and process of moving files is continued.
-                show!(USimpleError::new(
-                    1,
-                    format!(
-                        "cannot move '{}' to a subdirectory of itself, '{}/{}'",
-                        sourcepath.display(),
-                        target_dir.display(),
-                        canonicalized_target_dir.components().last().map_or_else(
-                            || target_dir.display().to_string(),
-                            |dir| { PathBuf::from(dir.as_os_str()).display().to_string() }
-                        )
-                    )
-                ));
-                continue;
-            }
+        if let Err(e) = assert_not_same_file(sourcepath, target_dir, true, options) {
+            show!(e);
+            continue;
         }
 
         match rename(sourcepath, &targetpath, options, multi_progress.as_ref()) {
@@ -679,7 +722,7 @@ fn rename_with_fallback(
             };
 
             #[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "redox"))))]
-            fsxattr::apply_xattrs(to, xattrs).unwrap();
+            fsxattr::apply_xattrs(to, xattrs)?;
 
             if let Err(err) = result {
                 return match err.kind {
diff --git a/src/uu/od/src/inputdecoder.rs b/src/uu/od/src/inputdecoder.rs
index 62117d546..44ad29228 100644
--- a/src/uu/od/src/inputdecoder.rs
+++ b/src/uu/od/src/inputdecoder.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ where
     byte_order: ByteOrder,
 }
 
-impl<'a, I> InputDecoder<'a, I> {
+impl<I> InputDecoder<'_, I> {
     /// Creates a new `InputDecoder` with an allocated buffer of `normal_length` + `peek_length` bytes.
     /// `byte_order` determines how to read multibyte formats from the buffer.
     pub fn new(
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl<'a, I> InputDecoder<'a, I> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, I> InputDecoder<'a, I>
+impl<I> InputDecoder<'_, I>
 where
     I: PeekRead,
 {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, I> HasError for InputDecoder<'a, I>
+impl<I> HasError for InputDecoder<'_, I>
 where
     I: HasError,
 {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ pub struct MemoryDecoder<'a> {
     byte_order: ByteOrder,
 }
 
-impl<'a> MemoryDecoder<'a> {
+impl MemoryDecoder<'_> {
     /// Set a part of the internal buffer to zero.
     /// access to the whole buffer is possible, not just to the valid data.
     pub fn zero_out_buffer(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize) {
diff --git a/src/uu/od/src/multifilereader.rs b/src/uu/od/src/multifilereader.rs
index 813ef029f..34cd251ac 100644
--- a/src/uu/od/src/multifilereader.rs
+++ b/src/uu/od/src/multifilereader.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait HasError {
     fn has_error(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl<'b> MultifileReader<'b> {
+impl MultifileReader<'_> {
     pub fn new(fnames: Vec<InputSource>) -> MultifileReader {
         let mut mf = MultifileReader {
             ni: fnames,
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl<'b> MultifileReader<'b> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'b> io::Read for MultifileReader<'b> {
+impl io::Read for MultifileReader<'_> {
     // Fill buf with bytes read from the list of files
     // Returns Ok(<number of bytes read>)
     // Handles io errors itself, thus always returns OK
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl<'b> io::Read for MultifileReader<'b> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'b> HasError for MultifileReader<'b> {
+impl HasError for MultifileReader<'_> {
     fn has_error(&self) -> bool {
         self.any_err
     }
diff --git a/src/uu/paste/src/paste.rs b/src/uu/paste/src/paste.rs
index 9d2619781..456639ba9 100644
--- a/src/uu/paste/src/paste.rs
+++ b/src/uu/paste/src/paste.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ fn parse_delimiters(delimiters: &str) -> UResult<Box<[Box<[u8]>]>> {
     let mut add_single_char_delimiter = |vec: &mut Vec<Box<[u8]>>, ch: char| {
         let delimiter_encoded = ch.encode_utf8(&mut buffer);
 
-        vec.push(Box::from(delimiter_encoded.as_bytes()));
+        vec.push(Box::<[u8]>::from(delimiter_encoded.as_bytes()));
     };
 
     let mut vec = Vec::<Box<[u8]>>::with_capacity(delimiters.len());
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ impl<'a> DelimiterState<'a> {
             DelimiterState::MultipleDelimiters {
                 current_delimiter, ..
             } => current_delimiter.len(),
-            _ => {
+            DelimiterState::NoDelimiters => {
                 return;
             }
         };
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ impl<'a> DelimiterState<'a> {
 
                 *current_delimiter = bo;
             }
-            _ => {}
+            DelimiterState::NoDelimiters => {}
         }
     }
 }
@@ -363,8 +363,8 @@ enum InputSource {
 impl InputSource {
     fn read_until(&mut self, byte: u8, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> UResult<usize> {
         let us = match self {
-            Self::File(bu) => bu.read_until(byte, buf)?,
-            Self::StandardInput(rc) => rc
+            InputSource::File(bu) => bu.read_until(byte, buf)?,
+            InputSource::StandardInput(rc) => rc
                 .try_borrow()
                 .map_err(|bo| USimpleError::new(1, format!("{bo}")))?
                 .lock()
diff --git a/src/uu/rm/src/rm.rs b/src/uu/rm/src/rm.rs
index a89ba6db6..ad9c942a8 100644
--- a/src/uu/rm/src/rm.rs
+++ b/src/uu/rm/src/rm.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
 
-// spell-checker:ignore (path) eacces inacc
+// spell-checker:ignore (path) eacces inacc rm-r4
 
 use clap::{builder::ValueParser, crate_version, parser::ValueSource, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
@@ -11,10 +11,15 @@ use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::fs::{self, File, Metadata};
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
 use std::ops::BitOr;
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+use std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::error::{UResult, USimpleError, UUsageError};
-use uucore::{format_usage, help_about, help_section, help_usage, prompt_yes, show_error};
+use uucore::{
+    format_usage, help_about, help_section, help_usage, os_str_as_bytes, prompt_yes, show_error,
+};
 use walkdir::{DirEntry, WalkDir};
 
 #[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -290,6 +295,7 @@ pub fn remove(files: &[&OsStr], options: &Options) -> bool {
 
     for filename in files {
         let file = Path::new(filename);
+
         had_err = match file.symlink_metadata() {
             Ok(metadata) => {
                 if metadata.is_dir() {
@@ -300,6 +306,7 @@ pub fn remove(files: &[&OsStr], options: &Options) -> bool {
                     remove_file(file, options)
                 }
             }
+
             Err(_e) => {
                 // TODO: actually print out the specific error
                 // TODO: When the error is not about missing files
@@ -326,6 +333,15 @@ pub fn remove(files: &[&OsStr], options: &Options) -> bool {
 fn handle_dir(path: &Path, options: &Options) -> bool {
     let mut had_err = false;
 
+    let path = clean_trailing_slashes(path);
+    if path_is_current_or_parent_directory(path) {
+        show_error!(
+            "refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping '{}'",
+            path.display()
+        );
+        return true;
+    }
+
     let is_root = path.has_root() && path.parent().is_none();
     if options.recursive && (!is_root || !options.preserve_root) {
         if options.interactive != InteractiveMode::Always && !options.verbose {
@@ -396,7 +412,11 @@ fn handle_dir(path: &Path, options: &Options) -> bool {
     } else if options.dir && (!is_root || !options.preserve_root) {
         had_err = remove_dir(path, options).bitor(had_err);
     } else if options.recursive {
-        show_error!("could not remove directory {}", path.quote());
+        show_error!(
+            "it is dangerous to operate recursively on '{}'",
+            MAIN_SEPARATOR
+        );
+        show_error!("use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafe");
         had_err = true;
     } else {
         show_error!(
@@ -559,6 +579,20 @@ fn handle_writable_directory(path: &Path, options: &Options, metadata: &Metadata
         true
     }
 }
+/// Checks if the path is referring to current or parent directory , if it is referring to current or any parent directory in the file tree e.g  '/../..' , '../..'
+fn path_is_current_or_parent_directory(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    let path_str = os_str_as_bytes(path.as_os_str());
+    let dir_separator = MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8;
+    if let Ok(path_bytes) = path_str {
+        return path_bytes == ([b'.'])
+            || path_bytes == ([b'.', b'.'])
+            || path_bytes.ends_with(&[dir_separator, b'.'])
+            || path_bytes.ends_with(&[dir_separator, b'.', b'.'])
+            || path_bytes.ends_with(&[dir_separator, b'.', dir_separator])
+            || path_bytes.ends_with(&[dir_separator, b'.', b'.', dir_separator]);
+    }
+    false
+}
 
 // For windows we can use windows metadata trait and file attributes to see if a directory is readonly
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -586,6 +620,40 @@ fn handle_writable_directory(path: &Path, options: &Options, metadata: &Metadata
     }
 }
 
+/// Removes trailing slashes, for example 'd/../////' yield 'd/../' required to fix rm-r4 GNU test
+fn clean_trailing_slashes(path: &Path) -> &Path {
+    let path_str = os_str_as_bytes(path.as_os_str());
+    let dir_separator = MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8;
+
+    if let Ok(path_bytes) = path_str {
+        let mut idx = if path_bytes.len() > 1 {
+            path_bytes.len() - 1
+        } else {
+            return path;
+        };
+        // Checks if element at the end is a '/'
+        if path_bytes[idx] == dir_separator {
+            for i in (1..path_bytes.len()).rev() {
+                // Will break at the start of the continuous sequence of '/', eg: "abc//////" , will break at
+                // "abc/", this will clean ////// to the root '/', so we have to be careful to not
+                // delete the root.
+                if path_bytes[i - 1] != dir_separator {
+                    idx = i;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(unix)]
+            return Path::new(OsStr::from_bytes(&path_bytes[0..=idx]));
+
+            #[cfg(not(unix))]
+            // Unwrapping is fine here as os_str_as_bytes() would return an error on non unix
+            // systems with non utf-8 characters and thus bypass the if let Ok branch
+            return Path::new(std::str::from_utf8(&path_bytes[0..=idx]).unwrap());
+        }
+    }
+    path
+}
+
 fn prompt_descend(path: &Path) -> bool {
     prompt_yes!("descend into directory {}?", path.quote())
 }
@@ -611,3 +679,17 @@ fn is_symlink_dir(metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {
     metadata.file_type().is_symlink()
         && ((metadata.file_attributes() & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0)
 }
+
+mod tests {
+
+    #[test]
+    // Testing whether path the `/////` collapses to `/`
+    fn test_collapsible_slash_path() {
+        use std::path::Path;
+
+        use crate::clean_trailing_slashes;
+        let path = Path::new("/////");
+
+        assert_eq!(Path::new("/"), clean_trailing_slashes(path));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/uu/seq/src/numberparse.rs b/src/uu/seq/src/numberparse.rs
index 5a5c64bb9..c8dec0180 100644
--- a/src/uu/seq/src/numberparse.rs
+++ b/src/uu/seq/src/numberparse.rs
@@ -102,20 +102,33 @@ fn parse_exponent_no_decimal(s: &str, j: usize) -> Result<PreciseNumber, ParseNu
     // displayed in decimal notation. For example, "1e-2" will be
     // displayed as "0.01", but "1e2" will be displayed as "100",
     // without a decimal point.
-    let x: BigDecimal = s.parse().map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?;
+    let x: BigDecimal = {
+        let parsed_decimal = s
+            .parse::<BigDecimal>()
+            .map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?;
+        if parsed_decimal == BigDecimal::zero() {
+            BigDecimal::zero()
+        } else {
+            parsed_decimal
+        }
+    };
 
     let num_integral_digits = if is_minus_zero_float(s, &x) {
         if exponent > 0 {
-            2usize + exponent as usize
+            (2usize)
+                .checked_add(exponent as usize)
+                .ok_or(ParseNumberError::Float)?
         } else {
             2usize
         }
     } else {
-        let total = j as i64 + exponent;
+        let total = (j as i64)
+            .checked_add(exponent)
+            .ok_or(ParseNumberError::Float)?;
         let result = if total < 1 {
             1
         } else {
-            total.try_into().unwrap()
+            total.try_into().map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?
         };
         if x.sign() == Sign::Minus {
             result + 1
@@ -200,14 +213,25 @@ fn parse_decimal_and_exponent(
     // Because of the match guard, this subtraction will not underflow.
     let num_digits_between_decimal_point_and_e = (j - (i + 1)) as i64;
     let exponent: i64 = s[j + 1..].parse().map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?;
-    let val: BigDecimal = s.parse().map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?;
+    let val: BigDecimal = {
+        let parsed_decimal = s
+            .parse::<BigDecimal>()
+            .map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?;
+        if parsed_decimal == BigDecimal::zero() {
+            BigDecimal::zero()
+        } else {
+            parsed_decimal
+        }
+    };
 
     let num_integral_digits = {
         let minimum: usize = {
             let integral_part: f64 = s[..j].parse().map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?;
             if integral_part.is_sign_negative() {
                 if exponent > 0 {
-                    2usize + exponent as usize
+                    2usize
+                        .checked_add(exponent as usize)
+                        .ok_or(ParseNumberError::Float)?
                 } else {
                     2usize
                 }
@@ -217,15 +241,20 @@ fn parse_decimal_and_exponent(
         };
         // Special case: if the string is "-.1e2", we need to treat it
         // as if it were "-0.1e2".
-        let total = if s.starts_with("-.") {
-            i as i64 + exponent + 1
-        } else {
-            i as i64 + exponent
+        let total = {
+            let total = (i as i64)
+                .checked_add(exponent)
+                .ok_or(ParseNumberError::Float)?;
+            if s.starts_with("-.") {
+                total.checked_add(1).ok_or(ParseNumberError::Float)?
+            } else {
+                total
+            }
         };
         if total < minimum as i64 {
             minimum
         } else {
-            total.try_into().unwrap()
+            total.try_into().map_err(|_| ParseNumberError::Float)?
         }
     };
 
@@ -312,7 +341,7 @@ impl FromStr for PreciseNumber {
         // Check if the string seems to be in hexadecimal format.
         //
         // May be 0x123 or -0x123, so the index `i` may be either 0 or 1.
-        if let Some(i) = s.to_lowercase().find("0x") {
+        if let Some(i) = s.find("0x").or_else(|| s.find("0X")) {
             if i <= 1 {
                 return parse_hexadecimal(s);
             }
@@ -322,7 +351,7 @@ impl FromStr for PreciseNumber {
         // number differently depending on its form. This is important
         // because the form of the input dictates how the output will be
         // presented.
-        match (s.find('.'), s.find('e')) {
+        match (s.find('.'), s.find(['e', 'E'])) {
             // For example, "123456" or "inf".
             (None, None) => parse_no_decimal_no_exponent(s),
             // For example, "123e456" or "1e-2".
@@ -381,6 +410,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_parse_big_int() {
         assert_eq!(parse("0"), ExtendedBigDecimal::zero());
         assert_eq!(parse("0.1e1"), ExtendedBigDecimal::one());
+        assert_eq!(parse("0.1E1"), ExtendedBigDecimal::one());
         assert_eq!(
             parse("1.0e1"),
             ExtendedBigDecimal::BigDecimal("10".parse::<BigDecimal>().unwrap())
diff --git a/src/uu/seq/src/seq.rs b/src/uu/seq/src/seq.rs
index 96ae83ba0..e14ba35a9 100644
--- a/src/uu/seq/src/seq.rs
+++ b/src/uu/seq/src/seq.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
 // spell-checker:ignore (ToDO) extendedbigdecimal numberparse
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io::{stdout, ErrorKind, Write};
 
 use clap::{crate_version, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
@@ -47,9 +48,33 @@ struct SeqOptions<'a> {
 /// The elements are (first, increment, last).
 type RangeFloat = (ExtendedBigDecimal, ExtendedBigDecimal, ExtendedBigDecimal);
 
+// Turn short args with attached value, for example "-s,", into two args "-s" and "," to make
+// them work with clap.
+fn split_short_args_with_value(args: impl uucore::Args) -> impl uucore::Args {
+    let mut v: Vec<OsString> = Vec::new();
+
+    for arg in args {
+        let bytes = arg.as_encoded_bytes();
+
+        if bytes.len() > 2
+            && (bytes.starts_with(b"-f") || bytes.starts_with(b"-s") || bytes.starts_with(b"-t"))
+        {
+            let (short_arg, value) = bytes.split_at(2);
+            // SAFETY:
+            // Both `short_arg` and `value` only contain content that originated from `OsStr::as_encoded_bytes`
+            v.push(unsafe { OsString::from_encoded_bytes_unchecked(short_arg.to_vec()) });
+            v.push(unsafe { OsString::from_encoded_bytes_unchecked(value.to_vec()) });
+        } else {
+            v.push(arg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    v.into_iter()
+}
+
 #[uucore::main]
 pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
-    let matches = uu_app().try_get_matches_from(args)?;
+    let matches = uu_app().try_get_matches_from(split_short_args_with_value(args))?;
 
     let numbers_option = matches.get_many::<String>(ARG_NUMBERS);
 
@@ -138,7 +163,6 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
 pub fn uu_app() -> Command {
     Command::new(uucore::util_name())
         .trailing_var_arg(true)
-        .allow_negative_numbers(true)
         .infer_long_args(true)
         .version(crate_version!())
         .about(ABOUT)
@@ -169,7 +193,10 @@ pub fn uu_app() -> Command {
                 .help("use printf style floating-point FORMAT"),
         )
         .arg(
+            // we use allow_hyphen_values instead of allow_negative_numbers because clap removed
+            // the support for "exotic" negative numbers like -.1 (see https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/discussions/5837)
             Arg::new(ARG_NUMBERS)
+                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
                 .action(ArgAction::Append)
                 .num_args(1..=3),
         )
diff --git a/src/uu/shuf/src/shuf.rs b/src/uu/shuf/src/shuf.rs
index 260b5130c..2d8023448 100644
--- a/src/uu/shuf/src/shuf.rs
+++ b/src/uu/shuf/src/shuf.rs
@@ -279,7 +279,10 @@ impl<'a> Shufable for Vec<&'a [u8]> {
         // this is safe.
         (**self).choose(rng).unwrap()
     }
-    type PartialShuffleIterator<'b> = std::iter::Copied<std::slice::Iter<'b, &'a [u8]>> where Self: 'b;
+    type PartialShuffleIterator<'b>
+        = std::iter::Copied<std::slice::Iter<'b, &'a [u8]>>
+    where
+        Self: 'b;
     fn partial_shuffle<'b>(
         &'b mut self,
         rng: &'b mut WrappedRng,
@@ -298,7 +301,10 @@ impl Shufable for RangeInclusive<usize> {
     fn choose(&self, rng: &mut WrappedRng) -> usize {
         rng.gen_range(self.clone())
     }
-    type PartialShuffleIterator<'b> = NonrepeatingIterator<'b> where Self: 'b;
+    type PartialShuffleIterator<'b>
+        = NonrepeatingIterator<'b>
+    where
+        Self: 'b;
     fn partial_shuffle<'b>(
         &'b mut self,
         rng: &'b mut WrappedRng,
@@ -374,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'a> NonrepeatingIterator<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Iterator for NonrepeatingIterator<'a> {
+impl Iterator for NonrepeatingIterator<'_> {
     type Item = usize;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<usize> {
@@ -401,7 +407,7 @@ trait Writable {
     fn write_all_to(&self, output: &mut impl Write) -> Result<(), Error>;
 }
 
-impl<'a> Writable for &'a [u8] {
+impl Writable for &[u8] {
     fn write_all_to(&self, output: &mut impl Write) -> Result<(), Error> {
         output.write_all(self)
     }
diff --git a/src/uu/sort/src/ext_sort.rs b/src/uu/sort/src/ext_sort.rs
index 183098812..57e434e99 100644
--- a/src/uu/sort/src/ext_sort.rs
+++ b/src/uu/sort/src/ext_sort.rs
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ fn reader_writer<
     )?;
     match read_result {
         ReadResult::WroteChunksToFile { tmp_files } => {
-            let merger = merge::merge_with_file_limit::<_, _, Tmp>(
+            merge::merge_with_file_limit::<_, _, Tmp>(
                 tmp_files.into_iter().map(|c| c.reopen()),
                 settings,
+                output,
                 tmp_dir,
             )?;
-            merger.write_all(settings, output)?;
         }
         ReadResult::SortedSingleChunk(chunk) => {
             if settings.unique {
diff --git a/src/uu/sort/src/merge.rs b/src/uu/sort/src/merge.rs
index c0457ffa4..300733d1e 100644
--- a/src/uu/sort/src/merge.rs
+++ b/src/uu/sort/src/merge.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use compare::Compare;
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use uucore::error::UResult;
 
 use crate::{
@@ -67,58 +66,63 @@ fn replace_output_file_in_input_files(
 ///
 /// If `settings.merge_batch_size` is greater than the length of `files`, intermediate files will be used.
 /// If `settings.compress_prog` is `Some`, intermediate files will be compressed with it.
-pub fn merge<'a>(
+pub fn merge(
     files: &mut [OsString],
-    settings: &'a GlobalSettings,
-    output: Option<&str>,
+    settings: &GlobalSettings,
+    output: Output,
     tmp_dir: &mut TmpDirWrapper,
-) -> UResult<FileMerger<'a>> {
-    replace_output_file_in_input_files(files, output, tmp_dir)?;
+) -> UResult<()> {
+    replace_output_file_in_input_files(files, output.as_output_name(), tmp_dir)?;
+    let files = files
+        .iter()
+        .map(|file| open(file).map(|file| PlainMergeInput { inner: file }));
     if settings.compress_prog.is_none() {
-        merge_with_file_limit::<_, _, WriteablePlainTmpFile>(
-            files
-                .iter()
-                .map(|file| open(file).map(|file| PlainMergeInput { inner: file })),
-            settings,
-            tmp_dir,
-        )
+        merge_with_file_limit::<_, _, WriteablePlainTmpFile>(files, settings, output, tmp_dir)
     } else {
-        merge_with_file_limit::<_, _, WriteableCompressedTmpFile>(
-            files
-                .iter()
-                .map(|file| open(file).map(|file| PlainMergeInput { inner: file })),
-            settings,
-            tmp_dir,
-        )
+        merge_with_file_limit::<_, _, WriteableCompressedTmpFile>(files, settings, output, tmp_dir)
     }
 }
 
 // Merge already sorted `MergeInput`s.
 pub fn merge_with_file_limit<
-    'a,
     M: MergeInput + 'static,
     F: ExactSizeIterator<Item = UResult<M>>,
     Tmp: WriteableTmpFile + 'static,
 >(
     files: F,
-    settings: &'a GlobalSettings,
+    settings: &GlobalSettings,
+    output: Output,
     tmp_dir: &mut TmpDirWrapper,
-) -> UResult<FileMerger<'a>> {
-    if files.len() > settings.merge_batch_size {
-        let mut remaining_files = files.len();
-        let batches = files.chunks(settings.merge_batch_size);
-        let mut batches = batches.into_iter();
+) -> UResult<()> {
+    if files.len() <= settings.merge_batch_size {
+        let merger = merge_without_limit(files, settings);
+        merger?.write_all(settings, output)
+    } else {
         let mut temporary_files = vec![];
-        while remaining_files != 0 {
-            // Work around the fact that `Chunks` is not an `ExactSizeIterator`.
-            remaining_files = remaining_files.saturating_sub(settings.merge_batch_size);
-            let merger = merge_without_limit(batches.next().unwrap(), settings)?;
+        let mut batch = vec![];
+        for file in files {
+            batch.push(file);
+            if batch.len() >= settings.merge_batch_size {
+                assert_eq!(batch.len(), settings.merge_batch_size);
+                let merger = merge_without_limit(batch.into_iter(), settings)?;
+                batch = vec![];
+
+                let mut tmp_file =
+                    Tmp::create(tmp_dir.next_file()?, settings.compress_prog.as_deref())?;
+                merger.write_all_to(settings, tmp_file.as_write())?;
+                temporary_files.push(tmp_file.finished_writing()?);
+            }
+        }
+        // Merge any remaining files that didn't get merged in a full batch above.
+        if !batch.is_empty() {
+            assert!(batch.len() < settings.merge_batch_size);
+            let merger = merge_without_limit(batch.into_iter(), settings)?;
+
             let mut tmp_file =
                 Tmp::create(tmp_dir.next_file()?, settings.compress_prog.as_deref())?;
             merger.write_all_to(settings, tmp_file.as_write())?;
             temporary_files.push(tmp_file.finished_writing()?);
         }
-        assert!(batches.next().is_none());
         merge_with_file_limit::<_, _, Tmp>(
             temporary_files
                 .into_iter()
@@ -127,10 +131,9 @@ pub fn merge_with_file_limit<
                         dyn FnMut(Tmp::Closed) -> UResult<<Tmp::Closed as ClosedTmpFile>::Reopened>,
                     >),
             settings,
+            output,
             tmp_dir,
         )
-    } else {
-        merge_without_limit(files, settings)
     }
 }
 
@@ -260,21 +263,21 @@ struct PreviousLine {
 }
 
 /// Merges files together. This is **not** an iterator because of lifetime problems.
-pub struct FileMerger<'a> {
+struct FileMerger<'a> {
     heap: binary_heap_plus::BinaryHeap<MergeableFile, FileComparator<'a>>,
     request_sender: Sender<(usize, RecycledChunk)>,
     prev: Option<PreviousLine>,
     reader_join_handle: JoinHandle<UResult<()>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> FileMerger<'a> {
+impl FileMerger<'_> {
     /// Write the merged contents to the output file.
-    pub fn write_all(self, settings: &GlobalSettings, output: Output) -> UResult<()> {
+    fn write_all(self, settings: &GlobalSettings, output: Output) -> UResult<()> {
         let mut out = output.into_write();
         self.write_all_to(settings, &mut out)
     }
 
-    pub fn write_all_to(mut self, settings: &GlobalSettings, out: &mut impl Write) -> UResult<()> {
+    fn write_all_to(mut self, settings: &GlobalSettings, out: &mut impl Write) -> UResult<()> {
         while self.write_next(settings, out) {}
         drop(self.request_sender);
         self.reader_join_handle.join().unwrap()
@@ -341,7 +344,7 @@ struct FileComparator<'a> {
     settings: &'a GlobalSettings,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Compare<MergeableFile> for FileComparator<'a> {
+impl Compare<MergeableFile> for FileComparator<'_> {
     fn compare(&self, a: &MergeableFile, b: &MergeableFile) -> Ordering {
         let mut cmp = compare_by(
             &a.current_chunk.lines()[a.line_idx],
diff --git a/src/uu/sort/src/sort.rs b/src/uu/sort/src/sort.rs
index c2e752bdf..8b6fcbb25 100644
--- a/src/uu/sort/src/sort.rs
+++ b/src/uu/sort/src/sort.rs
@@ -1567,8 +1567,7 @@ fn exec(
     tmp_dir: &mut TmpDirWrapper,
 ) -> UResult<()> {
     if settings.merge {
-        let file_merger = merge::merge(files, settings, output.as_output_name(), tmp_dir)?;
-        file_merger.write_all(settings, output)
+        merge::merge(files, settings, output, tmp_dir)
     } else if settings.check {
         if files.len() > 1 {
             Err(UUsageError::new(2, "only one file allowed with -c"))
diff --git a/src/uu/split/src/filenames.rs b/src/uu/split/src/filenames.rs
index d2ce1beb3..9e899a417 100644
--- a/src/uu/split/src/filenames.rs
+++ b/src/uu/split/src/filenames.rs
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ impl<'a> FilenameIterator<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Iterator for FilenameIterator<'a> {
+impl Iterator for FilenameIterator<'_> {
     type Item = String;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
diff --git a/src/uu/split/src/split.rs b/src/uu/split/src/split.rs
index 11fa04184..279e91dae 100644
--- a/src/uu/split/src/split.rs
+++ b/src/uu/split/src/split.rs
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ impl Settings {
                 }
                 match first.as_str() {
                     "\\0" => b'\0',
-                    s if s.as_bytes().len() == 1 => s.as_bytes()[0],
+                    s if s.len() == 1 => s.as_bytes()[0],
                     s => return Err(SettingsError::MultiCharacterSeparator(s.to_string())),
                 }
             }
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ impl<'a> ByteChunkWriter<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Write for ByteChunkWriter<'a> {
+impl Write for ByteChunkWriter<'_> {
     /// Implements `--bytes=SIZE`
     fn write(&mut self, mut buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
         // If the length of `buf` exceeds the number of bytes remaining
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ impl<'a> LineChunkWriter<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Write for LineChunkWriter<'a> {
+impl Write for LineChunkWriter<'_> {
     /// Implements `--lines=NUMBER`
     fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
         // If the number of lines in `buf` exceeds the number of lines
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ impl<'a> LineBytesChunkWriter<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Write for LineBytesChunkWriter<'a> {
+impl Write for LineBytesChunkWriter<'_> {
     /// Write as many lines to a chunk as possible without
     /// exceeding the byte limit. If a single line has more bytes
     /// than the limit, then fill an entire single chunk with those
diff --git a/src/uu/stat/src/stat.rs b/src/uu/stat/src/stat.rs
index ee4178344..5e617e7a3 100644
--- a/src/uu/stat/src/stat.rs
+++ b/src/uu/stat/src/stat.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ use uucore::error::{UResult, USimpleError};
 use clap::builder::ValueParser;
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::fs::display_permissions;
-use uucore::fsext::{pretty_filetype, pretty_fstype, read_fs_list, statfs, BirthTime, FsMeta};
+use uucore::fsext::{
+    pretty_filetype, pretty_fstype, read_fs_list, statfs, BirthTime, FsMeta, StatFs,
+};
 use uucore::libc::mode_t;
 use uucore::{
     entries, format_usage, help_about, help_section, help_usage, show_error, show_warning,
@@ -19,10 +21,12 @@ use chrono::{DateTime, Local};
 use clap::{crate_version, Arg, ArgAction, ArgMatches, Command};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::fs;
+use std::fs::{FileType, Metadata};
+use std::io::Write;
 use std::os::unix::fs::{FileTypeExt, MetadataExt};
 use std::os::unix::prelude::OsStrExt;
 use std::path::Path;
+use std::{env, fs};
 
 const ABOUT: &str = help_about!("stat.md");
 const USAGE: &str = help_usage!("stat.md");
@@ -93,9 +97,33 @@ pub enum OutputType {
     Unknown,
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
+enum QuotingStyle {
+    Locale,
+    Shell,
+    #[default]
+    ShellEscapeAlways,
+    Quote,
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for QuotingStyle {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "locale" => Ok(QuotingStyle::Locale),
+            "shell" => Ok(QuotingStyle::Shell),
+            "shell-escape-always" => Ok(QuotingStyle::ShellEscapeAlways),
+            // The others aren't exposed to the user
+            _ => Err(format!("Invalid quoting style: {}", s)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum Token {
     Char(char),
+    Byte(u8),
     Directive {
         flag: Flags,
         width: usize,
@@ -293,6 +321,93 @@ fn print_str(s: &str, flags: &Flags, width: usize, precision: Option<usize>) {
     pad_and_print(s, flags.left, width, Padding::Space);
 }
 
+fn quote_file_name(file_name: &str, quoting_style: &QuotingStyle) -> String {
+    match quoting_style {
+        QuotingStyle::Locale | QuotingStyle::Shell => {
+            let escaped = file_name.replace('\'', r"\'");
+            format!("'{}'", escaped)
+        }
+        QuotingStyle::ShellEscapeAlways => format!("\"{}\"", file_name),
+        QuotingStyle::Quote => file_name.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_quoted_file_name(
+    display_name: &str,
+    file: &OsString,
+    file_type: &FileType,
+    from_user: bool,
+) -> Result<String, i32> {
+    let quoting_style = env::var("QUOTING_STYLE")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|style| style.parse().ok())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    if file_type.is_symlink() {
+        let quoted_display_name = quote_file_name(display_name, &quoting_style);
+        match fs::read_link(file) {
+            Ok(dst) => {
+                let quoted_dst = quote_file_name(&dst.to_string_lossy(), &quoting_style);
+                Ok(format!("{quoted_display_name} -> {quoted_dst}"))
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                show_error!("{e}");
+                Err(1)
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        let style = if from_user {
+            quoting_style
+        } else {
+            QuotingStyle::Quote
+        };
+        Ok(quote_file_name(display_name, &style))
+    }
+}
+
+fn process_token_filesystem(t: &Token, meta: StatFs, display_name: &str) {
+    match *t {
+        Token::Byte(byte) => write_raw_byte(byte),
+        Token::Char(c) => print!("{c}"),
+        Token::Directive {
+            flag,
+            width,
+            precision,
+            format,
+        } => {
+            let output = match format {
+                // free blocks available to non-superuser
+                'a' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.avail_blocks()),
+                // total data blocks in file system
+                'b' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.total_blocks()),
+                // total file nodes in file system
+                'c' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.total_file_nodes()),
+                // free file nodes in file system
+                'd' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.free_file_nodes()),
+                // free blocks in file system
+                'f' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.free_blocks()),
+                // file system ID in hex
+                'i' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.fsid()),
+                // maximum length of filenames
+                'l' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.namelen()),
+                // file name
+                'n' => OutputType::Str(display_name.to_string()),
+                // block size (for faster transfers)
+                's' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.io_size()),
+                // fundamental block size (for block counts)
+                'S' => OutputType::Integer(meta.block_size()),
+                // file system type in hex
+                't' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.fs_type() as u64),
+                // file system type in human readable form
+                'T' => OutputType::Str(pretty_fstype(meta.fs_type()).into()),
+                _ => OutputType::Unknown,
+            };
+
+            print_it(&output, flag, width, precision);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Prints an integer value based on the provided flags, width, and precision.
 ///
 /// # Arguments
@@ -403,7 +518,26 @@ fn print_unsigned_hex(
     pad_and_print(&s, flags.left, width, padding_char);
 }
 
+fn write_raw_byte(byte: u8) {
+    std::io::stdout().write_all(&[byte]).unwrap();
+}
+
 impl Stater {
+    fn process_flags(chars: &[char], i: &mut usize, bound: usize, flag: &mut Flags) {
+        while *i < bound {
+            match chars[*i] {
+                '#' => flag.alter = true,
+                '0' => flag.zero = true,
+                '-' => flag.left = true,
+                ' ' => flag.space = true,
+                '+' => flag.sign = true,
+                '\'' => flag.group = true,
+                _ => break,
+            }
+            *i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
     fn handle_percent_case(
         chars: &[char],
         i: &mut usize,
@@ -423,20 +557,7 @@ impl Stater {
 
         let mut flag = Flags::default();
 
-        while *i < bound {
-            match chars[*i] {
-                '#' => flag.alter = true,
-                '0' => flag.zero = true,
-                '-' => flag.left = true,
-                ' ' => flag.space = true,
-                '+' => flag.sign = true,
-                '\'' => flag.group = true,
-                'I' => unimplemented!(),
-                _ => break,
-            }
-            *i += 1;
-        }
-        check_bound(format_str, bound, old, *i)?;
+        Self::process_flags(chars, i, bound, &mut flag);
 
         let mut width = 0;
         let mut precision = None;
@@ -445,6 +566,15 @@ impl Stater {
         if let Some((field_width, offset)) = format_str[j..].scan_num::<usize>() {
             width = field_width;
             j += offset;
+
+            // Reject directives like `%<NUMBER>` by checking if width has been parsed.
+            if j >= bound || chars[j] == '%' {
+                let invalid_directive: String = chars[old..=j.min(bound - 1)].iter().collect();
+                return Err(USimpleError::new(
+                    1,
+                    format!("{}: invalid directive", invalid_directive.quote()),
+                ));
+            }
         }
         check_bound(format_str, bound, old, j)?;
 
@@ -465,9 +595,27 @@ impl Stater {
         }
 
         *i = j;
+
+        // Check for multi-character specifiers (e.g., `%Hd`, `%Lr`)
+        if *i + 1 < bound {
+            if let Some(&next_char) = chars.get(*i + 1) {
+                if (chars[*i] == 'H' || chars[*i] == 'L') && (next_char == 'd' || next_char == 'r')
+                {
+                    let specifier = format!("{}{}", chars[*i], next_char);
+                    *i += 1;
+                    return Ok(Token::Directive {
+                        flag,
+                        width,
+                        precision,
+                        format: specifier.chars().next().unwrap(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         Ok(Token::Directive {
-            width,
             flag,
+            width,
             precision,
             format: chars[*i],
         })
@@ -485,33 +633,49 @@ impl Stater {
             return Token::Char('\\');
         }
         match chars[*i] {
-            'x' if *i + 1 < bound => {
-                if let Some((c, offset)) = format_str[*i + 1..].scan_char(16) {
-                    *i += offset;
-                    Token::Char(c)
+            'a' => Token::Byte(0x07),   // BEL
+            'b' => Token::Byte(0x08),   // Backspace
+            'f' => Token::Byte(0x0C),   // Form feed
+            'n' => Token::Byte(0x0A),   // Line feed
+            'r' => Token::Byte(0x0D),   // Carriage return
+            't' => Token::Byte(0x09),   // Horizontal tab
+            '\\' => Token::Byte(b'\\'), // Backslash
+            '\'' => Token::Byte(b'\''), // Single quote
+            '"' => Token::Byte(b'"'),   // Double quote
+            '0'..='7' => {
+                // Parse octal escape sequence (up to 3 digits)
+                let mut value = 0u8;
+                let mut count = 0;
+                while *i < bound && count < 3 {
+                    if let Some(digit) = chars[*i].to_digit(8) {
+                        value = value * 8 + digit as u8;
+                        *i += 1;
+                        count += 1;
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                *i -= 1; // Adjust index to account for the outer loop increment
+                Token::Byte(value)
+            }
+            'x' => {
+                // Parse hexadecimal escape sequence
+                if *i + 1 < bound {
+                    if let Some((c, offset)) = format_str[*i + 1..].scan_char(16) {
+                        *i += offset;
+                        Token::Byte(c as u8)
+                    } else {
+                        show_warning!("unrecognized escape '\\x'");
+                        Token::Byte(b'x')
+                    }
                 } else {
-                    show_warning!("unrecognized escape '\\x'");
-                    Token::Char('x')
+                    show_warning!("incomplete hex escape '\\x'");
+                    Token::Byte(b'x')
                 }
             }
-            '0'..='7' => {
-                let (c, offset) = format_str[*i..].scan_char(8).unwrap();
-                *i += offset - 1;
-                Token::Char(c)
-            }
-            '"' => Token::Char('"'),
-            '\\' => Token::Char('\\'),
-            'a' => Token::Char('\x07'),
-            'b' => Token::Char('\x08'),
-            'e' => Token::Char('\x1B'),
-            'f' => Token::Char('\x0C'),
-            'n' => Token::Char('\n'),
-            'r' => Token::Char('\r'),
-            't' => Token::Char('\t'),
-            'v' => Token::Char('\x0B'),
-            c => {
-                show_warning!("unrecognized escape '\\{}'", c);
-                Token::Char(c)
+            other => {
+                show_warning!("unrecognized escape '\\{}'", other);
+                Token::Byte(other as u8)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -634,7 +798,128 @@ impl Stater {
         ret
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
+    fn process_token_files(
+        &self,
+        t: &Token,
+        meta: &Metadata,
+        display_name: &str,
+        file: &OsString,
+        file_type: &FileType,
+        from_user: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(), i32> {
+        match *t {
+            Token::Byte(byte) => write_raw_byte(byte),
+            Token::Char(c) => print!("{c}"),
+
+            Token::Directive {
+                flag,
+                width,
+                precision,
+                format,
+            } => {
+                let output = match format {
+                    // access rights in octal
+                    'a' => OutputType::UnsignedOct(0o7777 & meta.mode()),
+                    // access rights in human readable form
+                    'A' => OutputType::Str(display_permissions(meta, true)),
+                    // number of blocks allocated (see %B)
+                    'b' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.blocks()),
+
+                    // the size in bytes of each block reported by %b
+                    // FIXME: blocksize differs on various platform
+                    // See coreutils/gnulib/lib/stat-size.h ST_NBLOCKSIZE // spell-checker:disable-line
+                    'B' => OutputType::Unsigned(512),
+
+                    // device number in decimal
+                    'd' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.dev()),
+                    // device number in hex
+                    'D' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.dev()),
+                    // raw mode in hex
+                    'f' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.mode() as u64),
+                    // file type
+                    'F' => OutputType::Str(
+                        pretty_filetype(meta.mode() as mode_t, meta.len()).to_owned(),
+                    ),
+                    // group ID of owner
+                    'g' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.gid() as u64),
+                    // group name of owner
+                    'G' => {
+                        let group_name =
+                            entries::gid2grp(meta.gid()).unwrap_or_else(|_| "UNKNOWN".to_owned());
+                        OutputType::Str(group_name)
+                    }
+                    // number of hard links
+                    'h' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.nlink()),
+                    // inode number
+                    'i' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.ino()),
+                    // mount point
+                    'm' => OutputType::Str(self.find_mount_point(file).unwrap()),
+                    // file name
+                    'n' => OutputType::Str(display_name.to_string()),
+                    // quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link
+                    'N' => {
+                        let file_name =
+                            get_quoted_file_name(display_name, file, file_type, from_user)?;
+                        OutputType::Str(file_name)
+                    }
+                    // optimal I/O transfer size hint
+                    'o' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.blksize()),
+                    // total size, in bytes
+                    's' => OutputType::Integer(meta.len() as i64),
+                    // major device type in hex, for character/block device special
+                    // files
+                    't' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.rdev() >> 8),
+                    // minor device type in hex, for character/block device special
+                    // files
+                    'T' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.rdev() & 0xff),
+                    // user ID of owner
+                    'u' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.uid() as u64),
+                    // user name of owner
+                    'U' => {
+                        let user_name =
+                            entries::uid2usr(meta.uid()).unwrap_or_else(|_| "UNKNOWN".to_owned());
+                        OutputType::Str(user_name)
+                    }
+
+                    // time of file birth, human-readable; - if unknown
+                    'w' => OutputType::Str(
+                        meta.birth()
+                            .map(|(sec, nsec)| pretty_time(sec as i64, nsec as i64))
+                            .unwrap_or(String::from("-")),
+                    ),
+
+                    // time of file birth, seconds since Epoch; 0 if unknown
+                    'W' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.birth().unwrap_or_default().0),
+
+                    // time of last access, human-readable
+                    'x' => OutputType::Str(pretty_time(meta.atime(), meta.atime_nsec())),
+                    // time of last access, seconds since Epoch
+                    'X' => OutputType::Integer(meta.atime()),
+                    // time of last data modification, human-readable
+                    'y' => OutputType::Str(pretty_time(meta.mtime(), meta.mtime_nsec())),
+                    // time of last data modification, seconds since Epoch
+                    'Y' => OutputType::Integer(meta.mtime()),
+                    // time of last status change, human-readable
+                    'z' => OutputType::Str(pretty_time(meta.ctime(), meta.ctime_nsec())),
+                    // time of last status change, seconds since Epoch
+                    'Z' => OutputType::Integer(meta.ctime()),
+                    'R' => {
+                        let major = meta.rdev() >> 8;
+                        let minor = meta.rdev() & 0xff;
+                        OutputType::Str(format!("{},{}", major, minor))
+                    }
+                    'r' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.rdev()),
+                    'H' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.rdev() >> 8), // Major in decimal
+                    'L' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.rdev() & 0xff), // Minor in decimal
+
+                    _ => OutputType::Unknown,
+                };
+                print_it(&output, flag, width, precision);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn do_stat(&self, file: &OsStr, stdin_is_fifo: bool) -> i32 {
         let display_name = file.to_string_lossy();
         let file = if cfg!(unix) && display_name == "-" {
@@ -659,46 +944,9 @@ impl Stater {
                 Ok(meta) => {
                     let tokens = &self.default_tokens;
 
+                    // Usage
                     for t in tokens {
-                        match *t {
-                            Token::Char(c) => print!("{c}"),
-                            Token::Directive {
-                                flag,
-                                width,
-                                precision,
-                                format,
-                            } => {
-                                let output = match format {
-                                    // free blocks available to non-superuser
-                                    'a' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.avail_blocks()),
-                                    // total data blocks in file system
-                                    'b' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.total_blocks()),
-                                    // total file nodes in file system
-                                    'c' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.total_file_nodes()),
-                                    // free file nodes in file system
-                                    'd' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.free_file_nodes()),
-                                    // free blocks in file system
-                                    'f' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.free_blocks()),
-                                    // file system ID in hex
-                                    'i' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.fsid()),
-                                    // maximum length of filenames
-                                    'l' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.namelen()),
-                                    // file name
-                                    'n' => OutputType::Str(display_name.to_string()),
-                                    // block size (for faster transfers)
-                                    's' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.io_size()),
-                                    // fundamental block size (for block counts)
-                                    'S' => OutputType::Integer(meta.block_size()),
-                                    // file system type in hex
-                                    't' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.fs_type() as u64),
-                                    // file system type in human readable form
-                                    'T' => OutputType::Str(pretty_fstype(meta.fs_type()).into()),
-                                    _ => OutputType::Unknown,
-                                };
-
-                                print_it(&output, flag, width, precision);
-                            }
-                        }
+                        process_token_filesystem(t, meta, &display_name);
                     }
                 }
                 Err(e) => {
@@ -728,125 +976,15 @@ impl Stater {
                     };
 
                     for t in tokens {
-                        match *t {
-                            Token::Char(c) => print!("{c}"),
-                            Token::Directive {
-                                flag,
-                                width,
-                                precision,
-                                format,
-                            } => {
-                                let output = match format {
-                                    // access rights in octal
-                                    'a' => OutputType::UnsignedOct(0o7777 & meta.mode()),
-                                    // access rights in human readable form
-                                    'A' => OutputType::Str(display_permissions(&meta, true)),
-                                    // number of blocks allocated (see %B)
-                                    'b' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.blocks()),
-
-                                    // the size in bytes of each block reported by %b
-                                    // FIXME: blocksize differs on various platform
-                                    // See coreutils/gnulib/lib/stat-size.h ST_NBLOCKSIZE // spell-checker:disable-line
-                                    'B' => OutputType::Unsigned(512),
-
-                                    // device number in decimal
-                                    'd' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.dev()),
-                                    // device number in hex
-                                    'D' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.dev()),
-                                    // raw mode in hex
-                                    'f' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.mode() as u64),
-                                    // file type
-                                    'F' => OutputType::Str(
-                                        pretty_filetype(meta.mode() as mode_t, meta.len())
-                                            .to_owned(),
-                                    ),
-                                    // group ID of owner
-                                    'g' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.gid() as u64),
-                                    // group name of owner
-                                    'G' => {
-                                        let group_name = entries::gid2grp(meta.gid())
-                                            .unwrap_or_else(|_| "UNKNOWN".to_owned());
-                                        OutputType::Str(group_name)
-                                    }
-                                    // number of hard links
-                                    'h' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.nlink()),
-                                    // inode number
-                                    'i' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.ino()),
-                                    // mount point
-                                    'm' => OutputType::Str(self.find_mount_point(&file).unwrap()),
-                                    // file name
-                                    'n' => OutputType::Str(display_name.to_string()),
-                                    // quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link
-                                    'N' => {
-                                        let file_name = if file_type.is_symlink() {
-                                            let dst = match fs::read_link(&file) {
-                                                Ok(path) => path,
-                                                Err(e) => {
-                                                    println!("{e}");
-                                                    return 1;
-                                                }
-                                            };
-                                            format!("{} -> {}", display_name.quote(), dst.quote())
-                                        } else {
-                                            display_name.to_string()
-                                        };
-                                        OutputType::Str(file_name)
-                                    }
-                                    // optimal I/O transfer size hint
-                                    'o' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.blksize()),
-                                    // total size, in bytes
-                                    's' => OutputType::Integer(meta.len() as i64),
-                                    // major device type in hex, for character/block device special
-                                    // files
-                                    't' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.rdev() >> 8),
-                                    // minor device type in hex, for character/block device special
-                                    // files
-                                    'T' => OutputType::UnsignedHex(meta.rdev() & 0xff),
-                                    // user ID of owner
-                                    'u' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.uid() as u64),
-                                    // user name of owner
-                                    'U' => {
-                                        let user_name = entries::uid2usr(meta.uid())
-                                            .unwrap_or_else(|_| "UNKNOWN".to_owned());
-                                        OutputType::Str(user_name)
-                                    }
-
-                                    // time of file birth, human-readable; - if unknown
-                                    'w' => OutputType::Str(
-                                        meta.birth()
-                                            .map(|(sec, nsec)| pretty_time(sec as i64, nsec as i64))
-                                            .unwrap_or(String::from("-")),
-                                    ),
-
-                                    // time of file birth, seconds since Epoch; 0 if unknown
-                                    'W' => OutputType::Unsigned(meta.birth().unwrap_or_default().0),
-
-                                    // time of last access, human-readable
-                                    'x' => OutputType::Str(pretty_time(
-                                        meta.atime(),
-                                        meta.atime_nsec(),
-                                    )),
-                                    // time of last access, seconds since Epoch
-                                    'X' => OutputType::Integer(meta.atime()),
-                                    // time of last data modification, human-readable
-                                    'y' => OutputType::Str(pretty_time(
-                                        meta.mtime(),
-                                        meta.mtime_nsec(),
-                                    )),
-                                    // time of last data modification, seconds since Epoch
-                                    'Y' => OutputType::Integer(meta.mtime()),
-                                    // time of last status change, human-readable
-                                    'z' => OutputType::Str(pretty_time(
-                                        meta.ctime(),
-                                        meta.ctime_nsec(),
-                                    )),
-                                    // time of last status change, seconds since Epoch
-                                    'Z' => OutputType::Integer(meta.ctime()),
-
-                                    _ => OutputType::Unknown,
-                                };
-                                print_it(&output, flag, width, precision);
-                            }
+                        if let Err(code) = self.process_token_files(
+                            t,
+                            &meta,
+                            &display_name,
+                            &file,
+                            &file_type,
+                            self.from_user,
+                        ) {
+                            return code;
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1038,7 +1176,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn printf_format() {
-        let s = r#"%-# 15a\t\r\"\\\a\b\e\f\v%+020.-23w\x12\167\132\112\n"#;
+        let s = r#"%-# 15a\t\r\"\\\a\b\x1B\f\x0B%+020.-23w\x12\167\132\112\n"#;
         let expected = vec![
             Token::Directive {
                 flag: Flags {
@@ -1051,15 +1189,15 @@ mod tests {
                 precision: None,
                 format: 'a',
             },
-            Token::Char('\t'),
-            Token::Char('\r'),
-            Token::Char('"'),
-            Token::Char('\\'),
-            Token::Char('\x07'),
-            Token::Char('\x08'),
-            Token::Char('\x1B'),
-            Token::Char('\x0C'),
-            Token::Char('\x0B'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\t'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\r'),
+            Token::Byte(b'"'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\\'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\x07'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\x08'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\x1B'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\x0C'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\x0B'),
             Token::Directive {
                 flag: Flags {
                     sign: true,
@@ -1070,11 +1208,11 @@ mod tests {
                 precision: None,
                 format: 'w',
             },
-            Token::Char('\x12'),
-            Token::Char('w'),
-            Token::Char('Z'),
-            Token::Char('J'),
-            Token::Char('\n'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\x12'),
+            Token::Byte(b'w'),
+            Token::Byte(b'Z'),
+            Token::Byte(b'J'),
+            Token::Byte(b'\n'),
         ];
         assert_eq!(&expected, &Stater::generate_tokens(s, true).unwrap());
     }
diff --git a/src/uu/stdbuf/src/libstdbuf/Cargo.toml b/src/uu/stdbuf/src/libstdbuf/Cargo.toml
index ff9de77fc..67a7e903e 100644
--- a/src/uu/stdbuf/src/libstdbuf/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/uu/stdbuf/src/libstdbuf/Cargo.toml
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ crate-type = [
 ] # XXX: note: the rlib is just to prevent Cargo from spitting out a warning
 
 [dependencies]
-cpp = "0.5.9"
+cpp = "0.5.10"
 libc = { workspace = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
-cpp_build = "0.5.9"
+cpp_build = "0.5.10"
diff --git a/src/uu/sum/src/sum.rs b/src/uu/sum/src/sum.rs
index d1f383351..bae288d80 100644
--- a/src/uu/sum/src/sum.rs
+++ b/src/uu/sum/src/sum.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,6 @@ use uucore::{format_usage, help_about, help_usage, show};
 const USAGE: &str = help_usage!("sum.md");
 const ABOUT: &str = help_about!("sum.md");
 
-// This can be replaced with usize::div_ceil once it is stabilized.
-// This implementation approach is optimized for when `b` is a constant,
-// particularly a power of two.
-const fn div_ceil(a: usize, b: usize) -> usize {
-    (a + b - 1) / b
-}
-
 fn bsd_sum(mut reader: Box<dyn Read>) -> (usize, u16) {
     let mut buf = [0; 4096];
     let mut bytes_read = 0;
@@ -41,7 +34,7 @@ fn bsd_sum(mut reader: Box<dyn Read>) -> (usize, u16) {
     }
 
     // Report blocks read in terms of 1024-byte blocks.
-    let blocks_read = div_ceil(bytes_read, 1024);
+    let blocks_read = bytes_read.div_ceil(1024);
     (blocks_read, checksum)
 }
 
@@ -66,7 +59,7 @@ fn sysv_sum(mut reader: Box<dyn Read>) -> (usize, u16) {
     ret = (ret & 0xffff) + (ret >> 16);
 
     // Report blocks read in terms of 512-byte blocks.
-    let blocks_read = div_ceil(bytes_read, 512);
+    let blocks_read = bytes_read.div_ceil(512);
     (blocks_read, ret as u16)
 }
 
diff --git a/src/uu/tac/src/tac.rs b/src/uu/tac/src/tac.rs
index 3865c61ae..d1eca4706 100644
--- a/src/uu/tac/src/tac.rs
+++ b/src/uu/tac/src/tac.rs
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ fn buffer_tac(data: &[u8], before: bool, separator: &str) -> std::io::Result<()>
     let mut out = BufWriter::new(out.lock());
 
     // The number of bytes in the line separator.
-    let slen = separator.as_bytes().len();
+    let slen = separator.len();
 
     // The index of the start of the next line in the `data`.
     //
diff --git a/src/uu/tail/src/args.rs b/src/uu/tail/src/args.rs
index 5cadac608..24b064d1b 100644
--- a/src/uu/tail/src/args.rs
+++ b/src/uu/tail/src/args.rs
@@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ impl Settings {
             let blocking_stdin = self.pid == 0
                 && self.follow == Some(FollowMode::Descriptor)
                 && self.num_inputs() == 1
-                && Handle::stdin().map_or(false, |handle| {
+                && Handle::stdin().is_ok_and(|handle| {
                     handle
                         .as_file()
                         .metadata()
-                        .map_or(false, |meta| !meta.is_file())
+                        .is_ok_and(|meta| !meta.is_file())
                 });
 
             if !blocking_stdin && std::io::stdin().is_terminal() {
diff --git a/src/uu/tail/src/chunks.rs b/src/uu/tail/src/chunks.rs
index 636de7a90..2c80ac0ac 100644
--- a/src/uu/tail/src/chunks.rs
+++ b/src/uu/tail/src/chunks.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl<'a> ReverseChunks<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Iterator for ReverseChunks<'a> {
+impl Iterator for ReverseChunks<'_> {
     type Item = Vec<u8>;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
diff --git a/src/uu/tail/src/paths.rs b/src/uu/tail/src/paths.rs
index 117cab8b0..4a680943c 100644
--- a/src/uu/tail/src/paths.rs
+++ b/src/uu/tail/src/paths.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl Input {
     pub fn is_tailable(&self) -> bool {
         match &self.kind {
             InputKind::File(path) => path_is_tailable(path),
-            InputKind::Stdin => self.resolve().map_or(false, |path| path_is_tailable(&path)),
+            InputKind::Stdin => self.resolve().is_some_and(|path| path_is_tailable(&path)),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl PathExtTail for Path {
 }
 
 pub fn path_is_tailable(path: &Path) -> bool {
-    path.is_file() || path.exists() && path.metadata().map_or(false, |meta| meta.is_tailable())
+    path.is_file() || path.exists() && path.metadata().is_ok_and(|meta| meta.is_tailable())
 }
 
 #[inline]
diff --git a/src/uu/tail/src/tail.rs b/src/uu/tail/src/tail.rs
index edac4b151..a48da6b31 100644
--- a/src/uu/tail/src/tail.rs
+++ b/src/uu/tail/src/tail.rs
@@ -65,13 +65,15 @@ fn uu_tail(settings: &Settings) -> UResult<()> {
     // Add `path` and `reader` to `files` map if `--follow` is selected.
     for input in &settings.inputs.clone() {
         match input.kind() {
-            InputKind::File(path) if cfg!(not(unix)) || path != &PathBuf::from(text::DEV_STDIN) => {
-                tail_file(settings, &mut printer, input, path, &mut observer, 0)?;
-            }
-            // File points to /dev/stdin here
-            InputKind::File(_) | InputKind::Stdin => {
+            InputKind::Stdin => {
                 tail_stdin(settings, &mut printer, input, &mut observer)?;
             }
+            InputKind::File(path) if cfg!(unix) && path == &PathBuf::from(text::DEV_STDIN) => {
+                tail_stdin(settings, &mut printer, input, &mut observer)?;
+            }
+            InputKind::File(path) => {
+                tail_file(settings, &mut printer, input, path, &mut observer, 0)?;
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ fn uu_tail(settings: &Settings) -> UResult<()> {
         the input file is not a FIFO, pipe, or regular file, it is unspecified whether or
         not the -f option shall be ignored.
         */
-        if !settings.has_only_stdin() {
+        if !settings.has_only_stdin() || settings.pid != 0 {
             follow::follow(observer, settings)?;
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/uu/timeout/src/timeout.rs b/src/uu/timeout/src/timeout.rs
index 19016900a..2ba93769a 100644
--- a/src/uu/timeout/src/timeout.rs
+++ b/src/uu/timeout/src/timeout.rs
@@ -288,7 +288,6 @@ fn preserve_signal_info(signal: libc::c_int) -> libc::c_int {
 }
 
 /// TODO: Improve exit codes, and make them consistent with the GNU Coreutils exit codes.
-
 fn timeout(
     cmd: &[String],
     duration: Duration,
diff --git a/src/uu/tr/Cargo.toml b/src/uu/tr/Cargo.toml
index 0787e4279..6378b7766 100644
--- a/src/uu/tr/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/uu/tr/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ path = "src/tr.rs"
 [dependencies]
 nom = { workspace = true }
 clap = { workspace = true }
-uucore = { workspace = true }
+uucore = { workspace = true, features = ["fs"] }
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "tr"
diff --git a/src/uu/tr/src/operation.rs b/src/uu/tr/src/operation.rs
index fc01a8360..6a1bf9391 100644
--- a/src/uu/tr/src/operation.rs
+++ b/src/uu/tr/src/operation.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,15 @@ use nom::{
     IResult,
 };
 use std::{
+    char,
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
     error::Error,
     fmt::{Debug, Display},
     io::{BufRead, Write},
     ops::Not,
 };
-use uucore::error::UError;
+use uucore::error::{UError, UResult, USimpleError};
+use uucore::show_warning;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum BadSequence {
@@ -293,7 +295,9 @@ impl Sequence {
             Self::parse_class,
             Self::parse_char_equal,
             // NOTE: This must be the last one
-            map(Self::parse_backslash_or_char, |s| Ok(Self::Char(s))),
+            map(Self::parse_backslash_or_char_with_warning, |s| {
+                Ok(Self::Char(s))
+            }),
         )))(input)
         .map(|(_, r)| r)
         .unwrap()
@@ -302,10 +306,16 @@ impl Sequence {
     }
 
     fn parse_octal(input: &[u8]) -> IResult<&[u8], u8> {
+        // For `parse_char_range`, `parse_char_star`, `parse_char_repeat`, `parse_char_equal`.
+        // Because in these patterns, there's no ambiguous cases.
+        preceded(tag("\\"), Self::parse_octal_up_to_three_digits)(input)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_octal_with_warning(input: &[u8]) -> IResult<&[u8], u8> {
         preceded(
             tag("\\"),
             alt((
-                Self::parse_octal_up_to_three_digits,
+                Self::parse_octal_up_to_three_digits_with_warning,
                 // Fallback for if the three digit octal escape is greater than \377 (0xFF), and therefore can't be
                 // parsed as as a byte
                 // See test `test_multibyte_octal_sequence`
@@ -319,16 +329,29 @@ impl Sequence {
             recognize(many_m_n(1, 3, one_of("01234567"))),
             |out: &[u8]| {
                 let str_to_parse = std::str::from_utf8(out).unwrap();
+                u8::from_str_radix(str_to_parse, 8).ok()
+            },
+        )(input)
+    }
 
-                match u8::from_str_radix(str_to_parse, 8) {
-                    Ok(ue) => Some(ue),
-                    Err(_pa) => {
-                        // TODO
-                        // A warning needs to be printed here
-                        // See https://github.com/uutils/coreutils/issues/6821
-                        None
-                    }
+    fn parse_octal_up_to_three_digits_with_warning(input: &[u8]) -> IResult<&[u8], u8> {
+        map_opt(
+            recognize(many_m_n(1, 3, one_of("01234567"))),
+            |out: &[u8]| {
+                let str_to_parse = std::str::from_utf8(out).unwrap();
+                let result = u8::from_str_radix(str_to_parse, 8).ok();
+                if result.is_none() {
+                    let origin_octal: &str = std::str::from_utf8(input).unwrap();
+                    let actual_octal_tail: &str = std::str::from_utf8(&input[0..2]).unwrap();
+                    let outstand_char: char = char::from_u32(input[2] as u32).unwrap();
+                    show_warning!(
+                        "the ambiguous octal escape \\{} is being\n        interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \\0{}, {}",
+                        origin_octal,
+                        actual_octal_tail,
+                        outstand_char
+                    );
                 }
+                result
             },
         )(input)
     }
@@ -360,6 +383,14 @@ impl Sequence {
         alt((Self::parse_octal, Self::parse_backslash, Self::single_char))(input)
     }
 
+    fn parse_backslash_or_char_with_warning(input: &[u8]) -> IResult<&[u8], u8> {
+        alt((
+            Self::parse_octal_with_warning,
+            Self::parse_backslash,
+            Self::single_char,
+        ))(input)
+    }
+
     fn single_char(input: &[u8]) -> IResult<&[u8], u8> {
         take(1usize)(input).map(|(l, a)| (l, a[0]))
     }
@@ -577,7 +608,7 @@ impl SymbolTranslator for SqueezeOperation {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn translate_input<T, R, W>(input: &mut R, output: &mut W, mut translator: T)
+pub fn translate_input<T, R, W>(input: &mut R, output: &mut W, mut translator: T) -> UResult<()>
 where
     T: SymbolTranslator,
     R: BufRead,
@@ -585,15 +616,25 @@ where
 {
     let mut buf = Vec::new();
     let mut output_buf = Vec::new();
+
     while let Ok(length) = input.read_until(b'\n', &mut buf) {
         if length == 0 {
-            break;
-        } else {
-            let filtered = buf.iter().filter_map(|c| translator.translate(*c));
-            output_buf.extend(filtered);
-            output.write_all(&output_buf).unwrap();
+            break; // EOF reached
         }
+
+        let filtered = buf.iter().filter_map(|&c| translator.translate(c));
+        output_buf.extend(filtered);
+
+        if let Err(e) = output.write_all(&output_buf) {
+            return Err(USimpleError::new(
+                1,
+                format!("{}: write error: {}", uucore::util_name(), e),
+            ));
+        }
+
         buf.clear();
         output_buf.clear();
     }
+
+    Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/src/uu/tr/src/tr.rs b/src/uu/tr/src/tr.rs
index 67998d26d..c226d2189 100644
--- a/src/uu/tr/src/tr.rs
+++ b/src/uu/tr/src/tr.rs
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@
 mod operation;
 mod unicode_table;
 
+use crate::operation::DeleteOperation;
 use clap::{crate_version, value_parser, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use operation::{
     translate_input, Sequence, SqueezeOperation, SymbolTranslator, TranslateOperation,
 };
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io::{stdin, stdout, BufWriter};
-use uucore::{format_usage, help_about, help_section, help_usage, os_str_as_bytes, show};
-
-use crate::operation::DeleteOperation;
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::error::{UResult, USimpleError, UUsageError};
+use uucore::fs::is_stdin_directory;
+use uucore::{format_usage, help_about, help_section, help_usage, os_str_as_bytes, show};
 
 const ABOUT: &str = help_about!("tr.md");
 const AFTER_HELP: &str = help_section!("after help", "tr.md");
@@ -126,30 +126,34 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
         translating,
     )?;
 
+    if is_stdin_directory(&stdin) {
+        return Err(USimpleError::new(1, "read error: Is a directory"));
+    }
+
     // '*_op' are the operations that need to be applied, in order.
     if delete_flag {
         if squeeze_flag {
             let delete_op = DeleteOperation::new(set1);
             let squeeze_op = SqueezeOperation::new(set2);
             let op = delete_op.chain(squeeze_op);
-            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op);
+            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op)?;
         } else {
             let op = DeleteOperation::new(set1);
-            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op);
+            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op)?;
         }
     } else if squeeze_flag {
         if sets_len < 2 {
             let op = SqueezeOperation::new(set1);
-            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op);
+            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op)?;
         } else {
             let translate_op = TranslateOperation::new(set1, set2.clone())?;
             let squeeze_op = SqueezeOperation::new(set2);
             let op = translate_op.chain(squeeze_op);
-            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op);
+            translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op)?;
         }
     } else {
         let op = TranslateOperation::new(set1, set2)?;
-        translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op);
+        translate_input(&mut locked_stdin, &mut buffered_stdout, op)?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/src/uu/uniq/src/uniq.rs b/src/uu/uniq/src/uniq.rs
index 4084a7b3f..b9090cd50 100644
--- a/src/uu/uniq/src/uniq.rs
+++ b/src/uu/uniq/src/uniq.rs
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ fn should_extract_obs_skip_chars(
         && posix_version().is_some_and(|v| v <= OBSOLETE)
         && !preceding_long_opt_req_value
         && !preceding_short_opt_req_value
-        && slice.chars().nth(1).map_or(false, |c| c.is_ascii_digit())
+        && slice.chars().nth(1).is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
 }
 
 /// Helper function to [`filter_args`]
diff --git a/src/uu/wc/src/utf8/read.rs b/src/uu/wc/src/utf8/read.rs
index 819b0a689..9515cdc9f 100644
--- a/src/uu/wc/src/utf8/read.rs
+++ b/src/uu/wc/src/utf8/read.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub enum BufReadDecoderError<'a> {
     Io(io::Error),
 }
 
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for BufReadDecoderError<'a> {
+impl fmt::Display for BufReadDecoderError<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             BufReadDecoderError::InvalidByteSequence(bytes) => {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for BufReadDecoderError<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Error for BufReadDecoderError<'a> {
+impl Error for BufReadDecoderError<'_> {
     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
         match *self {
             BufReadDecoderError::InvalidByteSequence(_) => None,
diff --git a/src/uu/wc/src/wc.rs b/src/uu/wc/src/wc.rs
index 33b70ee62..1c2d99628 100644
--- a/src/uu/wc/src/wc.rs
+++ b/src/uu/wc/src/wc.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ mod word_count;
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, Cow},
     cmp::max,
-    ffi::OsString,
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     fs::{self, File},
     io::{self, Write},
     iter,
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use utf8::{BufReadDecoder, BufReadDecoderError};
 use uucore::{
     error::{FromIo, UError, UResult},
     format_usage, help_about, help_usage,
-    quoting_style::{escape_name, QuotingStyle},
+    quoting_style::{self, QuotingStyle},
     shortcut_value_parser::ShortcutValueParser,
     show,
 };
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ impl<'a> Input<'a> {
         match self {
             Self::Path(path) => Some(match path.to_str() {
                 Some(s) if !s.contains('\n') => Cow::Borrowed(s),
-                _ => Cow::Owned(escape_name(path.as_os_str(), QS_ESCAPE)),
+                _ => Cow::Owned(escape_name_wrapper(path.as_os_str())),
             }),
             Self::Stdin(StdinKind::Explicit) => Some(Cow::Borrowed(STDIN_REPR)),
             Self::Stdin(StdinKind::Implicit) => None,
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ impl<'a> Input<'a> {
     /// Converts input into the form that appears in errors.
     fn path_display(&self) -> String {
         match self {
-            Self::Path(path) => escape_name(path.as_os_str(), QS_ESCAPE),
+            Self::Path(path) => escape_name_wrapper(path.as_os_str()),
             Self::Stdin(_) => String::from("standard input"),
         }
     }
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ impl WcError {
             Some((input, idx)) => {
                 let path = match input {
                     Input::Stdin(_) => STDIN_REPR.into(),
-                    Input::Path(path) => escape_name(path.as_os_str(), QS_ESCAPE).into(),
+                    Input::Path(path) => escape_name_wrapper(path.as_os_str()).into(),
                 };
                 Self::ZeroLengthFileNameCtx { path, idx }
             }
@@ -761,7 +761,9 @@ fn files0_iter_file<'a>(path: &Path) -> UResult<impl Iterator<Item = InputIterIt
         Err(e) => Err(e.map_err_context(|| {
             format!(
                 "cannot open {} for reading",
-                escape_name(path.as_os_str(), QS_QUOTE_ESCAPE)
+                quoting_style::escape_name(path.as_os_str(), QS_QUOTE_ESCAPE)
+                    .into_string()
+                    .expect("All escaped names with the escaping option return valid strings.")
             )
         })),
     }
@@ -793,9 +795,9 @@ fn files0_iter<'a>(
                         Ok(Input::Path(PathBuf::from(s).into()))
                     }
                 }
-                Err(e) => Err(e.map_err_context(|| {
-                    format!("{}: read error", escape_name(&err_path, QS_ESCAPE))
-                }) as Box<dyn UError>),
+                Err(e) => Err(e
+                    .map_err_context(|| format!("{}: read error", escape_name_wrapper(&err_path)))
+                    as Box<dyn UError>),
             }),
     );
     // Loop until there is an error; yield that error and then nothing else.
@@ -808,6 +810,12 @@ fn files0_iter<'a>(
     })
 }
 
+fn escape_name_wrapper(name: &OsStr) -> String {
+    quoting_style::escape_name(name, QS_ESCAPE)
+        .into_string()
+        .expect("All escaped names with the escaping option return valid strings.")
+}
+
 fn wc(inputs: &Inputs, settings: &Settings) -> UResult<()> {
     let mut total_word_count = WordCount::default();
     let mut num_inputs: usize = 0;
diff --git a/src/uucore/Cargo.toml b/src/uucore/Cargo.toml
index b72a8ed71..5e1a065a6 100644
--- a/src/uucore/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/uucore/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ dns-lookup = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 dunce = { version = "1.0.4", optional = true }
 wild = "2.2.1"
 glob = { workspace = true }
+lazy_static = "1.4.0"
 # * optional
 itertools = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ lines = []
 format = ["itertools", "quoting-style"]
 mode = ["libc"]
 perms = ["libc", "walkdir"]
+buf-copy = []
 pipes = []
 process = ["libc"]
 proc-info = ["tty", "walkdir"]
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features.rs
index cf24637f7..cde1cf264 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features.rs
@@ -39,11 +39,13 @@ pub mod version_cmp;
 pub mod mode;
 
 // ** unix-only
+#[cfg(all(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"), feature = "buf-copy"))]
+pub mod buf_copy;
 #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "entries"))]
 pub mod entries;
 #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "perms"))]
 pub mod perms;
-#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "pipes"))]
+#[cfg(all(unix, any(feature = "pipes", feature = "buf-copy")))]
 pub mod pipes;
 #[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", feature = "proc-info"))]
 pub mod proc_info;
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ pub mod process;
 #[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", feature = "tty"))]
 pub mod tty;
 
-#[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "macos"), feature = "fsxattr"))]
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "fsxattr"))]
 pub mod fsxattr;
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "fuchsia"), feature = "signals"))]
 pub mod signals;
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/backup_control.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/backup_control.rs
index 9086acb19..4b4f7aa93 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/backup_control.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/backup_control.rs
@@ -421,25 +421,29 @@ pub fn get_backup_path(
 }
 
 fn simple_backup_path(path: &Path, suffix: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    let mut p = path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
-    p.push_str(suffix);
-    PathBuf::from(p)
+    let mut file_name = path.file_name().unwrap_or_default().to_os_string();
+    file_name.push(suffix);
+    path.with_file_name(file_name)
 }
 
 fn numbered_backup_path(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    let file_name = path.file_name().unwrap_or_default();
     for i in 1_u64.. {
-        let path_str = &format!("{}.~{}~", path.to_string_lossy(), i);
-        let path = Path::new(path_str);
+        let mut numbered_file_name = file_name.to_os_string();
+        numbered_file_name.push(format!(".~{}~", i));
+        let path = path.with_file_name(numbered_file_name);
         if !path.exists() {
-            return path.to_path_buf();
+            return path;
         }
     }
     panic!("cannot create backup")
 }
 
 fn existing_backup_path(path: &Path, suffix: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    let test_path_str = &format!("{}.~1~", path.to_string_lossy());
-    let test_path = Path::new(test_path_str);
+    let file_name = path.file_name().unwrap_or_default();
+    let mut numbered_file_name = file_name.to_os_string();
+    numbered_file_name.push(".~1~");
+    let test_path = path.with_file_name(numbered_file_name);
     if test_path.exists() {
         numbered_backup_path(path)
     } else {
@@ -660,6 +664,44 @@ mod tests {
         let result = determine_backup_suffix(&matches);
         assert_eq!(result, "-v");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_numbered_backup_path() {
+        assert_eq!(numbered_backup_path(&Path::new("")), PathBuf::from(".~1~"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            numbered_backup_path(&Path::new("/")),
+            PathBuf::from("/.~1~")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            numbered_backup_path(&Path::new("/hello/world")),
+            PathBuf::from("/hello/world.~1~")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            numbered_backup_path(&Path::new("/hello/world/")),
+            PathBuf::from("/hello/world.~1~")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_simple_backup_path() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            simple_backup_path(&Path::new(""), ".bak"),
+            PathBuf::from(".bak")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            simple_backup_path(&Path::new("/"), ".bak"),
+            PathBuf::from("/.bak")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            simple_backup_path(&Path::new("/hello/world"), ".bak"),
+            PathBuf::from("/hello/world.bak")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            simple_backup_path(&Path::new("/hello/world/"), ".bak"),
+            PathBuf::from("/hello/world.bak")
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_source_is_target_backup() {
         let source = Path::new("data.txt.bak");
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/buf_copy.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/buf_copy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b46248a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/buf_copy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+// This file is part of the uutils coreutils package.
+//
+// For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
+// file that was distributed with this source code.
+
+//! This module provides several buffer-based copy/write functions that leverage
+//! the `splice` system call in Linux systems, thus increasing the I/O
+//! performance of copying between two file descriptors. This module is mostly
+//! used by utilities to work around the limitations of Rust's `fs::copy` which
+//! does not handle copying special files (e.g pipes, character/block devices).
+
+use crate::error::{UError, UResult};
+use nix::unistd;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::{
+    io::{self, Read, Write},
+    os::{
+        fd::AsFd,
+        unix::io::{AsRawFd, RawFd},
+    },
+};
+
+use nix::{errno::Errno, libc::S_IFIFO, sys::stat::fstat};
+
+use super::pipes::{pipe, splice, splice_exact, vmsplice};
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+/// Error types used by buffer-copying functions from the `buf_copy` module.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Error {
+    Io(io::Error),
+    WriteError(String),
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Error::WriteError(msg) => write!(f, "splice() write error: {}", msg),
+            Error::Io(err) => write!(f, "I/O error: {}", err),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for Error {}
+
+impl UError for Error {
+    fn code(&self) -> i32 {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper function to determine whether a given handle (such as a file) is a pipe or not.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `out` - path of handle
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// A `bool` indicating whether the given handle is a pipe or not.
+#[inline]
+#[cfg(unix)]
+pub fn is_pipe<P>(path: &P) -> Result<bool>
+where
+    P: AsRawFd,
+{
+    Ok(fstat(path.as_raw_fd())?.st_mode as nix::libc::mode_t & S_IFIFO != 0)
+}
+
+const SPLICE_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 128;
+const BUF_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 16;
+
+/// Copy data from `Read` implementor `source` into a `Write` implementor
+/// `dest`. This works by reading a chunk of data from `source` and writing the
+/// data to `dest` in a loop.
+///
+/// This function uses the Linux-specific `splice` call when possible which does
+/// not use any intermediate user-space buffer. It falls backs to
+/// `std::io::copy` under other platforms or when the call fails and is still
+/// recoverable.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `source` - `Read` implementor to copy data from.
+/// * `dest` - `Write` implementor to copy data to.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Result of operation and bytes successfully written (as a `u64`) when
+/// operation is successful.
+pub fn copy_stream<R, S>(src: &mut R, dest: &mut S) -> UResult<u64>
+where
+    R: Read + AsFd + AsRawFd,
+    S: Write + AsFd + AsRawFd,
+{
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+    {
+        // If we're on Linux or Android, try to use the splice() system call
+        // for faster writing. If it works, we're done.
+        let result = splice_write(src, &dest.as_fd())?;
+        if !result.1 {
+            return Ok(result.0);
+        }
+    }
+    // If we're not on Linux or Android, or the splice() call failed,
+    // fall back on slower writing.
+    let result = std::io::copy(src, dest)?;
+
+    // If the splice() call failed and there has been some data written to
+    // stdout via while loop above AND there will be second splice() call
+    // that will succeed, data pushed through splice will be output before
+    // the data buffered in stdout.lock. Therefore additional explicit flush
+    // is required here.
+    dest.flush()?;
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+/// Write from source `handle` into destination `write_fd` using Linux-specific
+/// `splice` system call.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// - `source` - source handle
+/// - `dest` - destination handle
+#[inline]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+fn splice_write<R, S>(source: &R, dest: &S) -> UResult<(u64, bool)>
+where
+    R: Read + AsFd + AsRawFd,
+    S: AsRawFd + AsFd,
+{
+    let (pipe_rd, pipe_wr) = pipe()?;
+    let mut bytes: u64 = 0;
+
+    loop {
+        match splice(&source, &pipe_wr, SPLICE_SIZE) {
+            Ok(n) => {
+                if n == 0 {
+                    return Ok((bytes, false));
+                }
+                if splice_exact(&pipe_rd, dest, n).is_err() {
+                    // If the first splice manages to copy to the intermediate
+                    // pipe, but the second splice to stdout fails for some reason
+                    // we can recover by copying the data that we have from the
+                    // intermediate pipe to stdout using normal read/write. Then
+                    // we tell the caller to fall back.
+                    copy_exact(pipe_rd.as_raw_fd(), dest, n)?;
+                    return Ok((bytes, true));
+                }
+
+                bytes += n as u64;
+            }
+            Err(_) => {
+                return Ok((bytes, true));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Move exactly `num_bytes` bytes from `read_fd` to `write_fd` using the `read`
+/// and `write` calls.
+fn copy_exact(read_fd: RawFd, write_fd: &impl AsFd, num_bytes: usize) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+    let mut left = num_bytes;
+    let mut buf = [0; BUF_SIZE];
+    let mut written = 0;
+    while left > 0 {
+        let read = unistd::read(read_fd, &mut buf)?;
+        assert_ne!(read, 0, "unexpected end of pipe");
+        while written < read {
+            let n = unistd::write(write_fd, &buf[written..read])?;
+            written += n;
+        }
+        left -= read;
+    }
+    Ok(written)
+}
+
+/// Write input `bytes` to a file descriptor. This uses the Linux-specific
+/// `vmsplice()` call to write into a file descriptor directly, which only works
+/// if the destination is a pipe.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `bytes` - data to be written
+/// * `dest` - destination handle
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// When write succeeds, the amount of bytes written is returned as a
+/// `u64`. The `bool` indicates if we need to fall back to normal copying or
+/// not. `true` means we need to fall back, `false` means we don't have to.
+///
+/// A `UError` error is returned when the operation is not supported or when an
+/// I/O error occurs.
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+pub fn splice_data_to_pipe<T>(bytes: &[u8], dest: &T) -> UResult<(u64, bool)>
+where
+    T: AsRawFd + AsFd,
+{
+    let mut n_bytes: u64 = 0;
+    let mut bytes = bytes;
+    while !bytes.is_empty() {
+        let len = match vmsplice(dest, bytes) {
+            Ok(n) => n,
+            // The maybe_unsupported call below may emit an error, when the
+            // error is considered as unrecoverable error (ones that won't make
+            // us fall back to other method)
+            Err(e) => return Ok(maybe_unsupported(e)?),
+        };
+        bytes = &bytes[len..];
+        n_bytes += len as u64;
+    }
+    Ok((n_bytes, false))
+}
+
+/// Write input `bytes` to a handle using a temporary pipe. A `vmsplice()` call
+/// is issued to write to the temporary pipe, which then gets written to the
+/// final destination using `splice()`.
+///
+/// # Arguments * `bytes` - data to be written * `dest` - destination handle
+///
+/// # Returns When write succeeds, the amount of bytes written is returned as a
+/// `u64`. The `bool` indicates if we need to fall back to normal copying or
+/// not. `true` means we need to fall back, `false` means we don't have to.
+///
+/// A `UError` error is returned when the operation is not supported or when an
+/// I/O error occurs.
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+pub fn splice_data_to_fd<T: AsFd>(
+    bytes: &[u8],
+    read_pipe: &File,
+    write_pipe: &File,
+    dest: &T,
+) -> UResult<(u64, bool)> {
+    loop {
+        let mut bytes = bytes;
+        while !bytes.is_empty() {
+            let len = match vmsplice(&write_pipe, bytes) {
+                Ok(n) => n,
+                Err(e) => return Ok(maybe_unsupported(e)?),
+            };
+            if let Err(e) = splice_exact(&read_pipe, dest, len) {
+                return Ok(maybe_unsupported(e)?);
+            }
+            bytes = &bytes[len..];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Conversion from a `nix::Error` into our `Error` which implements `UError`.
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+impl From<nix::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(error: nix::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::Io(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(error as i32))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Several error values from `nix::Error` (`EINVAL`, `ENOSYS`, and `EBADF`) get
+/// treated as errors indicating that the `splice` call is not available, i.e we
+/// can still recover from the error. Thus, return the final result of the call
+/// as `Result` and indicate that we have to fall back using other write method.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `error` - the `nix::Error` received
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// Result with tuple containing a `u64` `0` indicating that no data had been
+/// written and a `true` indicating we have to fall back, if error is still
+/// recoverable. Returns an `Error` implementing `UError` otherwise.
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+fn maybe_unsupported(error: nix::Error) -> Result<(u64, bool)> {
+    match error {
+        Errno::EINVAL | Errno::ENOSYS | Errno::EBADF => Ok((0, true)),
+        _ => Err(error.into()),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::pipes;
+
+    fn new_temp_file() -> File {
+        let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        File::create(temp_dir.path().join("file.txt")).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_file_is_pipe() {
+        let temp_file = new_temp_file();
+        let (pipe_read, pipe_write) = pipes::pipe().unwrap();
+
+        assert!(is_pipe(&pipe_read).unwrap());
+        assert!(is_pipe(&pipe_write).unwrap());
+        assert!(!is_pipe(&temp_file).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_valid_splice_errs() {
+        let err = nix::Error::from(Errno::EINVAL);
+        assert_eq!(maybe_unsupported(err).unwrap(), (0, true));
+
+        let err = nix::Error::from(Errno::ENOSYS);
+        assert_eq!(maybe_unsupported(err).unwrap(), (0, true));
+
+        let err = nix::Error::from(Errno::EBADF);
+        assert_eq!(maybe_unsupported(err).unwrap(), (0, true));
+
+        let err = nix::Error::from(Errno::EPERM);
+        assert!(maybe_unsupported(err).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_splice_data_to_pipe() {
+        let (pipe_read, pipe_write) = pipes::pipe().unwrap();
+        let data = b"Hello, world!";
+        let (bytes, _) = splice_data_to_pipe(data, &pipe_write).unwrap();
+        let mut buf = [0; 1024];
+        let n = unistd::read(pipe_read.as_raw_fd(), &mut buf).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf[..n], data);
+        assert_eq!(bytes as usize, data.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_splice_data_to_file() {
+        let mut temp_file = new_temp_file();
+        let (pipe_read, pipe_write) = pipes::pipe().unwrap();
+        let data = b"Hello, world!";
+        let (bytes, _) = splice_data_to_fd(data, &pipe_read, &pipe_write, &temp_file).unwrap();
+        let mut buf = [0; 1024];
+        let n = temp_file.read(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf[..n], data);
+        assert_eq!(bytes as usize, data.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_copy_exact() {
+        let (mut pipe_read, mut pipe_write) = pipes::pipe().unwrap();
+        let data = b"Hello, world!";
+        let n = pipe_write.write(data).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(n, data.len());
+        let mut buf = [0; 1024];
+        let n = copy_exact(pipe_read.as_raw_fd(), &pipe_write, data.len()).unwrap();
+        let n2 = pipe_read.read(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(n, n2);
+        assert_eq!(&buf[..n], data);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_copy_stream() {
+        let (mut pipe_read, mut pipe_write) = pipes::pipe().unwrap();
+        let data = b"Hello, world!";
+        let n = pipe_write.write(data).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(n, data.len());
+        let mut buf = [0; 1024];
+        let n = copy_stream(&mut pipe_read, &mut pipe_write).unwrap();
+        let n2 = pipe_read.read(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(n as usize, n2);
+        assert_eq!(&buf[..n as usize], data);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_splice_write() {
+        let (mut pipe_read, pipe_write) = pipes::pipe().unwrap();
+        let data = b"Hello, world!";
+        let (bytes, _) = splice_write(&pipe_read, &pipe_write).unwrap();
+        let mut buf = [0; 1024];
+        let n = pipe_read.read(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf[..n], data);
+        assert_eq!(bytes as usize, data.len());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/checksum.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/checksum.rs
index a2de28bc5..0b3e4e249 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/checksum.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/checksum.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
 //
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
-// spell-checker:ignore anotherfile invalidchecksum regexes JWZG FFFD xffname prefixfilename
+// spell-checker:ignore anotherfile invalidchecksum regexes JWZG FFFD xffname prefixfilename bytelen bitlen hexdigit
 
 use data_encoding::BASE64;
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use os_display::Quotable;
-use regex::bytes::{Captures, Regex};
+use regex::bytes::{Match, Regex};
 use std::{
-    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    borrow::Cow,
+    ffi::OsStr,
     fmt::Display,
     fs::File,
     io::{self, stdin, BufReader, Read, Write},
@@ -68,11 +70,91 @@ pub struct HashAlgorithm {
     pub bits: usize,
 }
 
+/// This structure holds the count of checksum test lines' outcomes.
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct ChecksumResult {
-    pub bad_format: i32,
-    pub failed_cksum: i32,
-    pub failed_open_file: i32,
+    /// Number of lines in the file where the computed checksum MATCHES
+    /// the expectation.
+    pub correct: u32,
+    /// Number of lines in the file where the computed checksum DIFFERS
+    /// from the expectation.
+    pub failed_cksum: u32,
+    pub failed_open_file: u32,
+    /// Number of improperly formatted lines.
+    pub bad_format: u32,
+    /// Total number of non-empty, non-comment lines.
+    pub total: u32,
+}
+
+impl ChecksumResult {
+    #[inline]
+    fn total_properly_formatted(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.total - self.bad_format
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a reason for which the processing of a checksum line
+/// could not proceed to digest comparison.
+enum LineCheckError {
+    /// a generic UError was encountered in sub-functions
+    UError(Box<dyn UError>),
+    /// the computed checksum digest differs from the expected one
+    DigestMismatch,
+    /// the line is empty or is a comment
+    Skipped,
+    /// the line has a formatting error
+    ImproperlyFormatted,
+    /// file exists but is impossible to read
+    CantOpenFile,
+    /// there is nothing at the given path
+    FileNotFound,
+    /// the given path leads to a directory
+    FileIsDirectory,
+}
+
+impl From<Box<dyn UError>> for LineCheckError {
+    fn from(value: Box<dyn UError>) -> Self {
+        Self::UError(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ChecksumError> for LineCheckError {
+    fn from(value: ChecksumError) -> Self {
+        Self::UError(Box::new(value))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents an error that was encountered when processing a checksum file.
+enum FileCheckError {
+    /// a generic UError was encountered in sub-functions
+    UError(Box<dyn UError>),
+    /// the checksum file is improperly formatted.
+    ImproperlyFormatted,
+    /// reading of the checksum file failed
+    CantOpenChecksumFile,
+}
+
+impl From<Box<dyn UError>> for FileCheckError {
+    fn from(value: Box<dyn UError>) -> Self {
+        Self::UError(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ChecksumError> for FileCheckError {
+    fn from(value: ChecksumError) -> Self {
+        Self::UError(Box::new(value))
+    }
+}
+
+/// This struct regroups CLI flags.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ChecksumOptions {
+    pub binary: bool,
+    pub ignore_missing: bool,
+    pub quiet: bool,
+    pub status: bool,
+    pub strict: bool,
+    pub warn: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
@@ -107,8 +189,6 @@ pub enum ChecksumError {
     CombineMultipleAlgorithms,
     #[error("Needs an algorithm to hash with.\nUse --help for more information.")]
     NeedAlgorithmToHash,
-    #[error("{filename}: no properly formatted checksum lines found")]
-    NoProperlyFormattedChecksumLinesFound { filename: String },
 }
 
 impl UError for ChecksumError {
@@ -174,6 +254,14 @@ fn cksum_output(res: &ChecksumResult, status: bool) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Print a "no properly formatted lines" message in stderr
+#[inline]
+fn log_no_properly_formatted(filename: String) {
+    show_error!("{filename}: no properly formatted checksum lines found");
+}
+
+/// Represents the different outcomes that can happen to a file
+/// that is being checked.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 enum FileChecksumResult {
     Ok,
@@ -181,6 +269,28 @@ enum FileChecksumResult {
     CantOpen,
 }
 
+impl FileChecksumResult {
+    /// Creates a `FileChecksumResult` from a digest comparison that
+    /// either succeeded or failed.
+    fn from_bool(checksum_correct: bool) -> Self {
+        if checksum_correct {
+            FileChecksumResult::Ok
+        } else {
+            FileChecksumResult::Failed
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The cli options might prevent to display on the outcome of the
+    /// comparison on STDOUT.
+    fn can_display(&self, opts: ChecksumOptions) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            FileChecksumResult::Ok => !opts.status && !opts.quiet,
+            FileChecksumResult::Failed => !opts.status,
+            FileChecksumResult::CantOpen => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Display for FileChecksumResult {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
@@ -198,10 +308,13 @@ fn print_file_report<W: Write>(
     filename: &[u8],
     result: FileChecksumResult,
     prefix: &str,
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
 ) {
-    let _ = write!(w, "{prefix}");
-    let _ = w.write_all(filename);
-    let _ = writeln!(w, ": {result}");
+    if result.can_display(opts) {
+        let _ = write!(w, "{prefix}");
+        let _ = w.write_all(filename);
+        let _ = writeln!(w, ": {result}");
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn detect_algo(algo: &str, length: Option<usize>) -> UResult<HashAlgorithm> {
@@ -308,14 +421,101 @@ pub fn detect_algo(algo: &str, length: Option<usize>) -> UResult<HashAlgorithm>
 //    algo must be uppercase or b (for blake2b)
 // 2. <checksum> [* ]<filename>
 // 3. <checksum> [*]<filename> (only one space)
-const ALGO_BASED_REGEX: &str = r"^\s*\\?(?P<algo>(?:[A-Z0-9]+|BLAKE2b))(?:-(?P<bits>\d+))?\s?\((?P<filename>(?-u:.*))\)\s*=\s*(?P<checksum>[a-fA-F0-9]+)$";
-const ALGO_BASED_REGEX_BASE64: &str = r"^\s*\\?(?P<algo>(?:[A-Z0-9]+|BLAKE2b))(?:-(?P<bits>\d+))?\s?\((?P<filename>(?-u:.*))\)\s*=\s*(?P<checksum>[A-Za-z0-9+/]+={0,2})$";
+const ALGO_BASED_REGEX: &str = r"^\s*\\?(?P<algo>(?:[A-Z0-9]+|BLAKE2b))(?:-(?P<bits>\d+))?\s?\((?P<filename>(?-u:.*))\)\s*=\s*(?P<checksum>[A-Za-z0-9+/]+={0,2})$";
 
 const DOUBLE_SPACE_REGEX: &str = r"^(?P<checksum>[a-fA-F0-9]+)\s{2}(?P<filename>(?-u:.*))$";
 
 // In this case, we ignore the *
 const SINGLE_SPACE_REGEX: &str = r"^(?P<checksum>[a-fA-F0-9]+)\s(?P<filename>\*?(?-u:.*))$";
 
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref R_ALGO_BASED: Regex = Regex::new(ALGO_BASED_REGEX).unwrap();
+    static ref R_DOUBLE_SPACE: Regex = Regex::new(DOUBLE_SPACE_REGEX).unwrap();
+    static ref R_SINGLE_SPACE: Regex = Regex::new(SINGLE_SPACE_REGEX).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+enum LineFormat {
+    AlgoBased,
+    SingleSpace,
+    DoubleSpace,
+}
+
+impl LineFormat {
+    fn to_regex(self) -> &'static Regex {
+        match self {
+            LineFormat::AlgoBased => &R_ALGO_BASED,
+            LineFormat::SingleSpace => &R_SINGLE_SPACE,
+            LineFormat::DoubleSpace => &R_DOUBLE_SPACE,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Hold the data extracted from a checksum line.
+struct LineInfo {
+    algo_name: Option<String>,
+    algo_bit_len: Option<usize>,
+    checksum: String,
+    filename: Vec<u8>,
+
+    format: LineFormat,
+}
+
+impl LineInfo {
+    /// Returns a `LineInfo` parsed from a checksum line.
+    /// The function will run 3 regexes against the line and select the first one that matches
+    /// to populate the fields of the struct.
+    /// However, there is a catch to handle regarding the handling of `cached_regex`.
+    /// In case of non-algo-based regex, if `cached_regex` is Some, it must take the priority
+    /// over the detected regex. Otherwise, we must set it the the detected regex.
+    /// This specific behavior is emphasized by the test
+    /// `test_hashsum::test_check_md5sum_only_one_space`.
+    fn parse(s: impl AsRef<OsStr>, cached_regex: &mut Option<LineFormat>) -> Option<Self> {
+        let regexes: &[(&'static Regex, LineFormat)] = &[
+            (&R_ALGO_BASED, LineFormat::AlgoBased),
+            (&R_DOUBLE_SPACE, LineFormat::DoubleSpace),
+            (&R_SINGLE_SPACE, LineFormat::SingleSpace),
+        ];
+
+        let line_bytes = os_str_as_bytes(s.as_ref()).expect("UTF-8 decoding failed");
+
+        for (regex, format) in regexes {
+            if !regex.is_match(line_bytes) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let mut r = *regex;
+            if *format != LineFormat::AlgoBased {
+                // The cached regex ensures that when processing non-algo based regexes,
+                // it cannot be changed (can't have single and double space regexes
+                // used in the same file).
+                if cached_regex.is_some() {
+                    r = cached_regex.unwrap().to_regex();
+                } else {
+                    *cached_regex = Some(*format);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(caps) = r.captures(line_bytes) {
+                // These unwraps are safe thanks to the regex
+                let match_to_string = |m: Match| String::from_utf8(m.as_bytes().into()).unwrap();
+
+                return Some(Self {
+                    algo_name: caps.name("algo").map(match_to_string),
+                    algo_bit_len: caps
+                        .name("bits")
+                        .map(|m| match_to_string(m).parse::<usize>().unwrap()),
+                    checksum: caps.name("checksum").map(match_to_string).unwrap(),
+                    filename: caps.name("filename").map(|m| m.as_bytes().into()).unwrap(),
+                    format: *format,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 fn get_filename_for_output(filename: &OsStr, input_is_stdin: bool) -> String {
     if input_is_stdin {
         "standard input"
@@ -326,109 +526,90 @@ fn get_filename_for_output(filename: &OsStr, input_is_stdin: bool) -> String {
     .to_string()
 }
 
-/// Determines the appropriate regular expression to use based on the provided lines.
-fn determine_regex(lines: &[OsString]) -> Option<(Regex, bool)> {
-    let regexes = [
-        (Regex::new(ALGO_BASED_REGEX).unwrap(), true),
-        (Regex::new(DOUBLE_SPACE_REGEX).unwrap(), false),
-        (Regex::new(SINGLE_SPACE_REGEX).unwrap(), false),
-        (Regex::new(ALGO_BASED_REGEX_BASE64).unwrap(), true),
-    ];
+/// Extract the expected digest from the checksum string
+fn get_expected_digest_as_hex_string(
+    line_info: &LineInfo,
+    len_hint: Option<usize>,
+) -> Option<Cow<str>> {
+    let ck = &line_info.checksum;
 
-    for line in lines {
-        let line_bytes = os_str_as_bytes(line).expect("UTF-8 decoding failed");
-        for (regex, is_algo_based) in &regexes {
-            if regex.is_match(line_bytes) {
-                return Some((regex.clone(), *is_algo_based));
-            }
-        }
+    // TODO MSRV 1.82, replace `is_some_and` with `is_none_or`
+    // to improve readability. This closure returns True if a length hint provided
+    // and the argument isn't the same as the hint.
+    let against_hint = |len| len_hint.is_some_and(|l| l != len);
+
+    if ck.len() % 2 != 0 {
+        // If the length of the digest is not a multiple of 2, then it
+        // must be improperly formatted (1 hex digit is 2 characters)
+        return None;
     }
 
-    None
-}
+    // If the digest can be decoded as hexadecimal AND it length match the
+    // one expected (in case it's given), just go with it.
+    if ck.as_bytes().iter().all(u8::is_ascii_hexdigit) && !against_hint(ck.len()) {
+        return Some(Cow::Borrowed(ck));
+    }
 
-// Converts bytes to a hexadecimal string
-fn bytes_to_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
-    use std::fmt::Write;
-    bytes
-        .iter()
-        .fold(String::with_capacity(bytes.len() * 2), |mut hex, byte| {
-            write!(hex, "{byte:02x}").unwrap();
-            hex
+    // If hexadecimal digest fails for any reason, interpret the digest as base 64.
+    BASE64
+        .decode(ck.as_bytes()) // Decode the string as encoded base64
+        .map(hex::encode) // Encode it back as hexadecimal
+        .map(Cow::<str>::Owned)
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|s| {
+            // Check the digest length
+            if !against_hint(s.len()) {
+                Some(s)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
         })
 }
 
-fn get_expected_checksum(
-    filename: &[u8],
-    caps: &Captures,
-    chosen_regex: &Regex,
-) -> UResult<String> {
-    if chosen_regex.as_str() == ALGO_BASED_REGEX_BASE64 {
-        // Unwrap is safe, ensured by regex
-        let ck = caps.name("checksum").unwrap().as_bytes();
-        match BASE64.decode(ck) {
-            Ok(decoded_bytes) => {
-                match std::str::from_utf8(&decoded_bytes) {
-                    Ok(decoded_str) => Ok(decoded_str.to_string()),
-                    Err(_) => Ok(bytes_to_hex(&decoded_bytes)), // Handle as raw bytes if not valid UTF-8
-                }
-            }
-            Err(_) => Err(Box::new(
-                ChecksumError::NoProperlyFormattedChecksumLinesFound {
-                    filename: String::from_utf8_lossy(filename).to_string(),
-                },
-            )),
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Unwraps are safe, ensured by regex.
-        Ok(str::from_utf8(caps.name("checksum").unwrap().as_bytes())
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_string())
-    }
-}
-
 /// Returns a reader that reads from the specified file, or from stdin if `filename_to_check` is "-".
 fn get_file_to_check(
     filename: &OsStr,
-    ignore_missing: bool,
-    res: &mut ChecksumResult,
-) -> Option<Box<dyn Read>> {
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Read>, LineCheckError> {
     let filename_bytes = os_str_as_bytes(filename).expect("UTF-8 error");
     let filename_lossy = String::from_utf8_lossy(filename_bytes);
     if filename == "-" {
-        Some(Box::new(stdin())) // Use stdin if "-" is specified in the checksum file
+        Ok(Box::new(stdin())) // Use stdin if "-" is specified in the checksum file
     } else {
-        let mut failed_open = || {
+        let failed_open = || {
             print_file_report(
                 std::io::stdout(),
                 filename_bytes,
                 FileChecksumResult::CantOpen,
                 "",
+                opts,
             );
-            res.failed_open_file += 1;
         };
         match File::open(filename) {
             Ok(f) => {
-                if f.metadata().ok()?.is_dir() {
+                if f.metadata()
+                    .map_err(|_| LineCheckError::CantOpenFile)?
+                    .is_dir()
+                {
                     show!(USimpleError::new(
                         1,
                         format!("{filename_lossy}: Is a directory")
                     ));
                     // also regarded as a failed open
                     failed_open();
-                    None
+                    Err(LineCheckError::FileIsDirectory)
                 } else {
-                    Some(Box::new(f))
+                    Ok(Box::new(f))
                 }
             }
             Err(err) => {
-                if !ignore_missing {
+                if !opts.ignore_missing {
                     // yes, we have both stderr and stdout here
                     show!(err.map_err_context(|| filename_lossy.to_string()));
                     failed_open();
                 }
                 // we could not open the file but we want to continue
-                None
+                Err(LineCheckError::FileNotFound)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -456,254 +637,318 @@ fn get_input_file(filename: &OsStr) -> UResult<Box<dyn Read>> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Extracts the algorithm name and length from the regex captures if the algo-based format is matched.
+/// Gets the algorithm name and length from the `LineInfo` if the algo-based format is matched.
 fn identify_algo_name_and_length(
-    caps: &Captures,
+    line_info: &LineInfo,
     algo_name_input: Option<&str>,
-    res: &mut ChecksumResult,
-    properly_formatted: &mut bool,
 ) -> Option<(String, Option<usize>)> {
-    // When the algo-based format is matched, extract details from regex captures
-    let algorithm = caps
-        .name("algo")
-        .map_or(String::new(), |m| {
-            String::from_utf8(m.as_bytes().into()).unwrap()
-        })
+    let algorithm = line_info
+        .algo_name
+        .clone()
+        .unwrap_or_default()
         .to_lowercase();
 
     // check if we are called with XXXsum (example: md5sum) but we detected a different algo parsing the file
     // (for example SHA1 (f) = d...)
     // Also handle the case cksum -s sm3 but the file contains other formats
     if algo_name_input.is_some() && algo_name_input != Some(&algorithm) {
-        res.bad_format += 1;
-        *properly_formatted = false;
         return None;
     }
 
     if !SUPPORTED_ALGORITHMS.contains(&algorithm.as_str()) {
         // Not supported algo, leave early
-        *properly_formatted = false;
         return None;
     }
 
-    let bits = caps.name("bits").map_or(Some(None), |m| {
-        let bits_value = String::from_utf8(m.as_bytes().into())
-            .unwrap()
-            .parse::<usize>()
-            .unwrap();
-        if bits_value % 8 == 0 {
-            Some(Some(bits_value / 8))
-        } else {
-            *properly_formatted = false;
-            None // Return None to signal a divisibility issue
+    let bytes = if let Some(bitlen) = line_info.algo_bit_len {
+        if bitlen % 8 != 0 {
+            // The given length is wrong
+            return None;
         }
-    })?;
+        Some(bitlen / 8)
+    } else if algorithm == ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B {
+        // Default length with BLAKE2b,
+        Some(64)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
 
-    Some((algorithm, bits))
+    Some((algorithm, bytes))
+}
+
+/// Given a filename and an algorithm, compute the digest and compare it with
+/// the expected one.
+fn compute_and_check_digest_from_file(
+    filename: &[u8],
+    expected_checksum: &str,
+    mut algo: HashAlgorithm,
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
+) -> Result<(), LineCheckError> {
+    let (filename_to_check_unescaped, prefix) = unescape_filename(filename);
+    let real_filename_to_check = os_str_from_bytes(&filename_to_check_unescaped)?;
+
+    // Open the input file
+    let file_to_check = get_file_to_check(&real_filename_to_check, opts)?;
+    let mut file_reader = BufReader::new(file_to_check);
+
+    // Read the file and calculate the checksum
+    let create_fn = &mut algo.create_fn;
+    let mut digest = create_fn();
+    let (calculated_checksum, _) =
+        digest_reader(&mut digest, &mut file_reader, opts.binary, algo.bits).unwrap();
+
+    // Do the checksum validation
+    let checksum_correct = expected_checksum == calculated_checksum;
+    print_file_report(
+        std::io::stdout(),
+        filename,
+        FileChecksumResult::from_bool(checksum_correct),
+        prefix,
+        opts,
+    );
+
+    if checksum_correct {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(LineCheckError::DigestMismatch)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check a digest checksum with non-algo based pre-treatment.
+fn process_algo_based_line(
+    line_info: &LineInfo,
+    cli_algo_name: Option<&str>,
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
+) -> Result<(), LineCheckError> {
+    let filename_to_check = line_info.filename.as_slice();
+
+    let (algo_name, algo_byte_len) = identify_algo_name_and_length(line_info, cli_algo_name)
+        .ok_or(LineCheckError::ImproperlyFormatted)?;
+
+    // If the digest bitlen is known, we can check the format of the expected
+    // checksum with it.
+    let digest_char_length_hint = match (algo_name.as_str(), algo_byte_len) {
+        (ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B, Some(bytelen)) => Some(bytelen * 2),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+
+    let expected_checksum = get_expected_digest_as_hex_string(line_info, digest_char_length_hint)
+        .ok_or(LineCheckError::ImproperlyFormatted)?;
+
+    let algo = detect_algo(&algo_name, algo_byte_len)?;
+
+    compute_and_check_digest_from_file(filename_to_check, &expected_checksum, algo, opts)
+}
+
+/// Check a digest checksum with non-algo based pre-treatment.
+fn process_non_algo_based_line(
+    line_number: usize,
+    line_info: &LineInfo,
+    cli_algo_name: &str,
+    cli_algo_length: Option<usize>,
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
+) -> Result<(), LineCheckError> {
+    let mut filename_to_check = line_info.filename.as_slice();
+    if filename_to_check.starts_with(b"*")
+        && line_number == 0
+        && line_info.format == LineFormat::SingleSpace
+    {
+        // Remove the leading asterisk if present - only for the first line
+        filename_to_check = &filename_to_check[1..];
+    }
+    let expected_checksum = get_expected_digest_as_hex_string(line_info, None)
+        .ok_or(LineCheckError::ImproperlyFormatted)?;
+
+    // When a specific algorithm name is input, use it and use the provided bits
+    // except when dealing with blake2b, where we will detect the length
+    let (algo_name, algo_byte_len) = if cli_algo_name == ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B {
+        // division by 2 converts the length of the Blake2b checksum from hexadecimal
+        // characters to bytes, as each byte is represented by two hexadecimal characters.
+        let length = Some(expected_checksum.len() / 2);
+        (ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B.to_string(), length)
+    } else {
+        (cli_algo_name.to_lowercase(), cli_algo_length)
+    };
+
+    let algo = detect_algo(&algo_name, algo_byte_len)?;
+
+    compute_and_check_digest_from_file(filename_to_check, &expected_checksum, algo, opts)
+}
+
+/// Parses a checksum line, detect the algorithm to use, read the file and produce
+/// its digest, and compare it to the expected value.
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(bool)` if the comparison happened, bool indicates if the digest
+/// matched the expected.
+/// If the comparison didn't happen, return a `LineChecksumError`.
+fn process_checksum_line(
+    filename_input: &OsStr,
+    line: &OsStr,
+    i: usize,
+    cli_algo_name: Option<&str>,
+    cli_algo_length: Option<usize>,
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
+    cached_regex: &mut Option<LineFormat>,
+) -> Result<(), LineCheckError> {
+    let line_bytes = os_str_as_bytes(line)?;
+
+    // Early return on empty or commented lines.
+    if line.is_empty() || line_bytes.starts_with(b"#") {
+        return Err(LineCheckError::Skipped);
+    }
+
+    // Use `LineInfo` to extract the data of a line.
+    // Then, depending on its format, apply a different pre-treatment.
+    if let Some(line_info) = LineInfo::parse(line, cached_regex) {
+        if line_info.format == LineFormat::AlgoBased {
+            process_algo_based_line(&line_info, cli_algo_name, opts)
+        } else if let Some(cli_algo) = cli_algo_name {
+            // If we match a non-algo based regex, we expect a cli argument
+            // to give us the algorithm to use
+            process_non_algo_based_line(i, &line_info, cli_algo, cli_algo_length, opts)
+        } else {
+            // We have no clue of what algorithm to use
+            return Err(LineCheckError::ImproperlyFormatted);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if opts.warn {
+            let algo = if let Some(algo_name_input) = cli_algo_name {
+                algo_name_input.to_uppercase()
+            } else {
+                "Unknown algorithm".to_string()
+            };
+            eprintln!(
+                "{}: {}: {}: improperly formatted {} checksum line",
+                util_name(),
+                &filename_input.maybe_quote(),
+                i + 1,
+                algo
+            );
+        }
+
+        Err(LineCheckError::ImproperlyFormatted)
+    }
+}
+
+fn process_checksum_file(
+    filename_input: &OsStr,
+    cli_algo_name: Option<&str>,
+    cli_algo_length: Option<usize>,
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
+) -> Result<(), FileCheckError> {
+    let mut res = ChecksumResult::default();
+
+    let input_is_stdin = filename_input == OsStr::new("-");
+
+    let file: Box<dyn Read> = if input_is_stdin {
+        // Use stdin if "-" is specified
+        Box::new(stdin())
+    } else {
+        match get_input_file(filename_input) {
+            Ok(f) => f,
+            Err(e) => {
+                // Could not read the file, show the error and continue to the next file
+                show_error!("{e}");
+                set_exit_code(1);
+                return Err(FileCheckError::CantOpenChecksumFile);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    let reader = BufReader::new(file);
+    let lines = read_os_string_lines(reader).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // cached_regex is used to ensure that several non algo-based checksum line
+    // will use the same regex.
+    let mut cached_regex = None;
+
+    for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
+        let line_result = process_checksum_line(
+            filename_input,
+            line,
+            i,
+            cli_algo_name,
+            cli_algo_length,
+            opts,
+            &mut cached_regex,
+        );
+
+        // Match a first time to elude critical UErrors, and increment the total
+        // in all cases except on skipped.
+        use LineCheckError::*;
+        match line_result {
+            Err(UError(e)) => return Err(e.into()),
+            Err(Skipped) => (),
+            _ => res.total += 1,
+        }
+
+        // Match a second time to update the right field of `res`.
+        match line_result {
+            Ok(()) => res.correct += 1,
+            Err(DigestMismatch) => res.failed_cksum += 1,
+            Err(ImproperlyFormatted) => res.bad_format += 1,
+            Err(CantOpenFile | FileIsDirectory) => res.failed_open_file += 1,
+            Err(FileNotFound) if !opts.ignore_missing => res.failed_open_file += 1,
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+    }
+
+    // not a single line correctly formatted found
+    // return an error
+    if res.total_properly_formatted() == 0 {
+        if !opts.status {
+            log_no_properly_formatted(get_filename_for_output(filename_input, input_is_stdin));
+        }
+        set_exit_code(1);
+        return Err(FileCheckError::ImproperlyFormatted);
+    }
+
+    // if any incorrectly formatted line, show it
+    cksum_output(&res, opts.status);
+
+    if opts.ignore_missing && res.correct == 0 {
+        // we have only bad format
+        // and we had ignore-missing
+        eprintln!(
+            "{}: {}: no file was verified",
+            util_name(),
+            filename_input.maybe_quote(),
+        );
+        set_exit_code(1);
+    }
+
+    // strict means that we should have an exit code.
+    if opts.strict && res.bad_format > 0 {
+        set_exit_code(1);
+    }
+
+    // if we have any failed checksum verification, we set an exit code
+    // except if we have ignore_missing
+    if (res.failed_cksum > 0 || res.failed_open_file > 0) && !opts.ignore_missing {
+        set_exit_code(1);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /***
  * Do the checksum validation (can be strict or not)
 */
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn perform_checksum_validation<'a, I>(
     files: I,
-    strict: bool,
-    status: bool,
-    warn: bool,
-    binary: bool,
-    ignore_missing: bool,
-    quiet: bool,
     algo_name_input: Option<&str>,
     length_input: Option<usize>,
+    opts: ChecksumOptions,
 ) -> UResult<()>
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = &'a OsStr>,
 {
     // if cksum has several input files, it will print the result for each file
     for filename_input in files {
-        let mut correct_format = 0;
-        let mut properly_formatted = false;
-        let mut res = ChecksumResult::default();
-        let input_is_stdin = filename_input == OsStr::new("-");
-
-        let file: Box<dyn Read> = if input_is_stdin {
-            // Use stdin if "-" is specified
-            Box::new(stdin())
-        } else {
-            match get_input_file(filename_input) {
-                Ok(f) => f,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    // Could not read the file, show the error and continue to the next file
-                    show_error!("{e}");
-                    set_exit_code(1);
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-        };
-
-        let reader = BufReader::new(file);
-        let lines = read_os_string_lines(reader).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let Some((chosen_regex, is_algo_based_format)) = determine_regex(&lines) else {
-            let e = ChecksumError::NoProperlyFormattedChecksumLinesFound {
-                filename: get_filename_for_output(filename_input, input_is_stdin),
-            };
-            show_error!("{e}");
-            set_exit_code(1);
-            continue;
-        };
-
-        for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
-            let line_bytes = os_str_as_bytes(line)?;
-            if let Some(caps) = chosen_regex.captures(line_bytes) {
-                properly_formatted = true;
-
-                let mut filename_to_check = caps.name("filename").unwrap().as_bytes();
-
-                if filename_to_check.starts_with(b"*")
-                    && i == 0
-                    && chosen_regex.as_str() == SINGLE_SPACE_REGEX
-                {
-                    // Remove the leading asterisk if present - only for the first line
-                    filename_to_check = &filename_to_check[1..];
-                }
-
-                let expected_checksum =
-                    get_expected_checksum(filename_to_check, &caps, &chosen_regex)?;
-
-                // If the algo_name is provided, we use it, otherwise we try to detect it
-                let (algo_name, length) = if is_algo_based_format {
-                    identify_algo_name_and_length(
-                        &caps,
-                        algo_name_input,
-                        &mut res,
-                        &mut properly_formatted,
-                    )
-                    .unwrap_or((String::new(), None))
-                } else if let Some(a) = algo_name_input {
-                    // When a specific algorithm name is input, use it and use the provided bits
-                    // except when dealing with blake2b, where we will detect the length
-                    if algo_name_input == Some(ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B) {
-                        // division by 2 converts the length of the Blake2b checksum from hexadecimal
-                        // characters to bytes, as each byte is represented by two hexadecimal characters.
-                        let length = Some(expected_checksum.len() / 2);
-                        (ALGORITHM_OPTIONS_BLAKE2B.to_string(), length)
-                    } else {
-                        (a.to_lowercase(), length_input)
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Default case if no algorithm is specified and non-algo based format is matched
-                    (String::new(), None)
-                };
-
-                if algo_name.is_empty() {
-                    // we haven't been able to detect the algo name. No point to continue
-                    properly_formatted = false;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                let mut algo = detect_algo(&algo_name, length)?;
-
-                let (filename_to_check_unescaped, prefix) = unescape_filename(filename_to_check);
-
-                let real_filename_to_check = os_str_from_bytes(&filename_to_check_unescaped)?;
-
-                // manage the input file
-                let file_to_check =
-                    match get_file_to_check(&real_filename_to_check, ignore_missing, &mut res) {
-                        Some(file) => file,
-                        None => continue,
-                    };
-                let mut file_reader = BufReader::new(file_to_check);
-                // Read the file and calculate the checksum
-                let create_fn = &mut algo.create_fn;
-                let mut digest = create_fn();
-                let (calculated_checksum, _) =
-                    digest_reader(&mut digest, &mut file_reader, binary, algo.bits).unwrap();
-
-                // Do the checksum validation
-                if expected_checksum == calculated_checksum {
-                    if !quiet && !status {
-                        print_file_report(
-                            std::io::stdout(),
-                            filename_to_check,
-                            FileChecksumResult::Ok,
-                            prefix,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    correct_format += 1;
-                } else {
-                    if !status {
-                        print_file_report(
-                            std::io::stdout(),
-                            filename_to_check,
-                            FileChecksumResult::Failed,
-                            prefix,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    res.failed_cksum += 1;
-                }
-            } else {
-                if line.is_empty() || line_bytes.starts_with(b"#") {
-                    // Don't show any warning for empty or commented lines.
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if warn {
-                    let algo = if let Some(algo_name_input) = algo_name_input {
-                        algo_name_input.to_uppercase()
-                    } else {
-                        "Unknown algorithm".to_string()
-                    };
-                    eprintln!(
-                        "{}: {}: {}: improperly formatted {} checksum line",
-                        util_name(),
-                        &filename_input.maybe_quote(),
-                        i + 1,
-                        algo
-                    );
-                }
-
-                res.bad_format += 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // not a single line correctly formatted found
-        // return an error
-        if !properly_formatted {
-            if !status {
-                return Err(ChecksumError::NoProperlyFormattedChecksumLinesFound {
-                    filename: get_filename_for_output(filename_input, input_is_stdin),
-                }
-                .into());
-            }
-            set_exit_code(1);
-
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        // if any incorrectly formatted line, show it
-        cksum_output(&res, status);
-
-        if ignore_missing && correct_format == 0 {
-            // we have only bad format
-            // and we had ignore-missing
-            eprintln!(
-                "{}: {}: no file was verified",
-                util_name(),
-                filename_input.maybe_quote(),
-            );
-            set_exit_code(1);
-        }
-
-        // strict means that we should have an exit code.
-        if strict && res.bad_format > 0 {
-            set_exit_code(1);
-        }
-
-        // if we have any failed checksum verification, we set an exit code
-        // except if we have ignore_missing
-        if (res.failed_cksum > 0 || res.failed_open_file > 0) && !ignore_missing {
-            set_exit_code(1);
+        use FileCheckError::*;
+        match process_checksum_file(filename_input, algo_name_input, length_input, opts) {
+            Err(UError(e)) => return Err(e),
+            Err(CantOpenChecksumFile | ImproperlyFormatted) | Ok(_) => continue,
         }
     }
 
@@ -812,6 +1057,7 @@ pub fn escape_filename(filename: &Path) -> (String, &'static str) {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::ffi::OsString;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_unescape_filename() {
@@ -942,7 +1188,7 @@ mod tests {
         ];
 
         for (input, expected) in test_cases {
-            let captures = algo_based_regex.captures(*input);
+            let captures = algo_based_regex.captures(input);
             match expected {
                 Some((algo, bits, filename, checksum)) => {
                     assert!(captures.is_some());
@@ -1045,79 +1291,71 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_determine_regex() {
+    fn test_line_info() {
+        let mut cached_regex = None;
+
         // Test algo-based regex
-        let lines_algo_based = ["MD5 (example.txt) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"]
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| OsString::from(s.to_string()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let (regex, algo_based) = determine_regex(&lines_algo_based).unwrap();
-        assert!(algo_based);
-        assert!(regex.is_match(os_str_as_bytes(&lines_algo_based[0]).unwrap()));
+        let line_algo_based =
+            OsString::from("MD5 (example.txt) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e");
+        let line_info = LineInfo::parse(&line_algo_based, &mut cached_regex).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(line_info.algo_name.as_deref(), Some("MD5"));
+        assert!(line_info.algo_bit_len.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(line_info.filename, b"example.txt");
+        assert_eq!(line_info.checksum, "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e");
+        assert_eq!(line_info.format, LineFormat::AlgoBased);
+        assert!(cached_regex.is_none());
 
         // Test double-space regex
-        let lines_double_space = ["d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e  example.txt"]
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| OsString::from(s.to_string()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let (regex, algo_based) = determine_regex(&lines_double_space).unwrap();
-        assert!(!algo_based);
-        assert!(regex.is_match(os_str_as_bytes(&lines_double_space[0]).unwrap()));
+        let line_double_space = OsString::from("d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e  example.txt");
+        let line_info = LineInfo::parse(&line_double_space, &mut cached_regex).unwrap();
+        assert!(line_info.algo_name.is_none());
+        assert!(line_info.algo_bit_len.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(line_info.filename, b"example.txt");
+        assert_eq!(line_info.checksum, "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e");
+        assert_eq!(line_info.format, LineFormat::DoubleSpace);
+        assert!(cached_regex.is_some());
+
+        cached_regex = None;
 
         // Test single-space regex
-        let lines_single_space = ["d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e example.txt"]
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| OsString::from(s.to_string()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let (regex, algo_based) = determine_regex(&lines_single_space).unwrap();
-        assert!(!algo_based);
-        assert!(regex.is_match(os_str_as_bytes(&lines_single_space[0]).unwrap()));
+        let line_single_space = OsString::from("d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e example.txt");
+        let line_info = LineInfo::parse(&line_single_space, &mut cached_regex).unwrap();
+        assert!(line_info.algo_name.is_none());
+        assert!(line_info.algo_bit_len.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(line_info.filename, b"example.txt");
+        assert_eq!(line_info.checksum, "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e");
+        assert_eq!(line_info.format, LineFormat::SingleSpace);
+        assert!(cached_regex.is_some());
 
-        // Test double-space regex start with invalid
-        let lines_double_space = ["ERR", "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e  example.txt"]
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| OsString::from(s.to_string()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let (regex, algo_based) = determine_regex(&lines_double_space).unwrap();
-        assert!(!algo_based);
-        assert!(!regex.is_match(os_str_as_bytes(&lines_double_space[0]).unwrap()));
-        assert!(regex.is_match(os_str_as_bytes(&lines_double_space[1]).unwrap()));
+        cached_regex = None;
 
         // Test invalid checksum line
-        let lines_invalid = ["invalid checksum line"]
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| OsString::from(s.to_string()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        assert!(determine_regex(&lines_invalid).is_none());
+        let line_invalid = OsString::from("invalid checksum line");
+        assert!(LineInfo::parse(&line_invalid, &mut cached_regex).is_none());
+        assert!(cached_regex.is_none());
 
         // Test leading space before checksum line
-        let lines_algo_based_leading_space =
-            vec!["   MD5 (example.txt) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"]
-                .iter()
-                .map(|s| OsString::from(s.to_string()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let res = determine_regex(&lines_algo_based_leading_space);
-        assert!(res.is_some());
-        assert_eq!(res.unwrap().0.as_str(), ALGO_BASED_REGEX);
+        let line_algo_based_leading_space =
+            OsString::from("   MD5 (example.txt) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e");
+        let line_info = LineInfo::parse(&line_algo_based_leading_space, &mut cached_regex).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(line_info.format, LineFormat::AlgoBased);
+        assert!(cached_regex.is_none());
 
         // Test trailing space after checksum line (should fail)
-        let lines_algo_based_leading_space =
-            vec!["MD5 (example.txt) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e "]
-                .iter()
-                .map(|s| OsString::from(s.to_string()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let res = determine_regex(&lines_algo_based_leading_space);
+        let line_algo_based_leading_space =
+            OsString::from("MD5 (example.txt) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e ");
+        let res = LineInfo::parse(&line_algo_based_leading_space, &mut cached_regex);
         assert!(res.is_none());
+        assert!(cached_regex.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_get_expected_checksum() {
-        let re = Regex::new(ALGO_BASED_REGEX_BASE64).unwrap();
-        let caps = re
-            .captures(b"SHA256 (empty) = 47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU=")
-            .unwrap();
+    fn test_get_expected_digest() {
+        let line = OsString::from("SHA256 (empty) = 47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU=");
+        let mut cached_regex = None;
+        let line_info = LineInfo::parse(&line, &mut cached_regex).unwrap();
 
-        let result = get_expected_checksum(b"filename", &caps, &re);
+        let result = get_expected_digest_as_hex_string(&line_info, None);
 
         assert_eq!(
             result.unwrap(),
@@ -1127,18 +1365,20 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_get_expected_checksum_invalid() {
-        let re = Regex::new(ALGO_BASED_REGEX_BASE64).unwrap();
-        let caps = re
-            .captures(b"SHA256 (empty) = 47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU")
-            .unwrap();
+        // The line misses a '=' at the end to be valid base64
+        let line = OsString::from("SHA256 (empty) = 47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU");
+        let mut cached_regex = None;
+        let line_info = LineInfo::parse(&line, &mut cached_regex).unwrap();
 
-        let result = get_expected_checksum(b"filename", &caps, &re);
+        let result = get_expected_digest_as_hex_string(&line_info, None);
 
-        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert!(result.is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_print_file_report() {
+        let opts = ChecksumOptions::default();
+
         let cases: &[(&[u8], FileChecksumResult, &str, &[u8])] = &[
             (b"filename", FileChecksumResult::Ok, "", b"filename: OK\n"),
             (
@@ -1169,7 +1409,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         for (filename, result, prefix, expected) in cases {
             let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = vec![];
-            print_file_report(&mut buffer, filename, *result, prefix);
+            print_file_report(&mut buffer, filename, *result, prefix, opts);
             assert_eq!(&buffer, expected)
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/colors.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/colors.rs
index f05739431..885ae2fe9 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/colors.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/colors.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 /// restrict following config to systems with matching environment variables.
 pub static TERMS: &[&str] = &[
     "Eterm",
+    "alacritty*",
     "ansi",
     "*color*",
     "con[0-9]*x[0-9]*",
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ pub static TERMS: &[&str] = &[
     "cygwin",
     "*direct*",
     "dtterm",
+    "foot",
     "gnome",
     "hurd",
     "jfbterm",
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/entries.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/entries.rs
index d1c9f9c04..f3d1232eb 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/entries.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/entries.rs
@@ -83,13 +83,14 @@ pub fn get_groups() -> IOResult<Vec<gid_t>> {
         if res == -1 {
             let err = IOError::last_os_error();
             if err.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EINVAL) {
-                // Number of groups changed, retry
+                // Number of groups has increased, retry
                 continue;
             } else {
                 return Err(err);
             }
         } else {
-            groups.truncate(ngroups.try_into().unwrap());
+            // Number of groups may have decreased
+            groups.truncate(res.try_into().unwrap());
             return Ok(groups);
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/argument.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/argument.rs
index 758510498..5cdd03421 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/argument.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/argument.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ fn extract_value<T: Default>(p: Result<T, ParseError<'_, T>>, input: &str) -> T
                     Default::default()
                 }
                 ParseError::PartialMatch(v, rest) => {
-                    if input.starts_with('\'') {
+                    let bytes = input.as_encoded_bytes();
+                    if !bytes.is_empty() && bytes[0] == b'\'' {
                         show_warning!(
                             "{}: character(s) following character constant have been ignored",
                             &rest,
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/mod.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/mod.rs
index 6d7a2ee30..25d128ed8 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/mod.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/mod.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub mod num_parser;
 mod spec;
 
 pub use argument::*;
-use spec::Spec;
+pub use spec::Spec;
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     fmt::Display,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use crate::error::UError;
 
-use self::{
+pub use self::{
     escape::{parse_escape_code, EscapedChar},
     num_format::Formatter,
 };
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/spec.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/spec.rs
index 581e1fa06..81dbc1ebc 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/spec.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/format/spec.rs
@@ -353,20 +353,20 @@ impl Spec {
                 writer.write_all(&parsed).map_err(FormatError::IoError)
             }
             Self::QuotedString => {
-                let s = args.get_str();
-                writer
-                    .write_all(
-                        escape_name(
-                            s.as_ref(),
-                            &QuotingStyle::Shell {
-                                escape: true,
-                                always_quote: false,
-                                show_control: false,
-                            },
-                        )
-                        .as_bytes(),
-                    )
-                    .map_err(FormatError::IoError)
+                let s = escape_name(
+                    args.get_str().as_ref(),
+                    &QuotingStyle::Shell {
+                        escape: true,
+                        always_quote: false,
+                        show_control: false,
+                    },
+                );
+                #[cfg(unix)]
+                let bytes = std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt::into_vec(s);
+                #[cfg(not(unix))]
+                let bytes = s.to_string_lossy().as_bytes().to_owned();
+
+                writer.write_all(&bytes).map_err(FormatError::IoError)
             }
             Self::SignedInt {
                 width,
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/fs.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/fs.rs
index e0c8ea79d..e2958232f 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/fs.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/fs.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::fs;
 use std::fs::read_dir;
 use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::io::Stdin;
 use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind, Result as IOResult};
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use std::os::unix::{fs::MetadataExt, io::AsRawFd};
@@ -709,7 +710,7 @@ pub fn path_ends_with_terminator(path: &Path) -> bool {
     path.as_os_str()
         .as_bytes()
         .last()
-        .map_or(false, |&byte| byte == b'/' || byte == b'\\')
+        .is_some_and(|&byte| byte == b'/' || byte == b'\\')
 }
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -721,6 +722,34 @@ pub fn path_ends_with_terminator(path: &Path) -> bool {
         .map_or(false, |wide| wide == b'/'.into() || wide == b'\\'.into())
 }
 
+/// Checks if the standard input (stdin) is a directory.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `stdin` - A reference to the standard input handle.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// * `bool` - Returns `true` if stdin is a directory, `false` otherwise.
+pub fn is_stdin_directory(stdin: &Stdin) -> bool {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use nix::sys::stat::fstat;
+        let mode = fstat(stdin.as_raw_fd()).unwrap().st_mode as mode_t;
+        has!(mode, S_IFDIR)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        use std::os::windows::io::AsRawHandle;
+        let handle = stdin.as_raw_handle();
+        if let Ok(metadata) = fs::metadata(format!("{}", handle as usize)) {
+            return metadata.is_dir();
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
 pub mod sane_blksize {
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/perms.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/perms.rs
index ebb97042e..3623e9e61 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/perms.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/perms.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use std::fs::Metadata;
 use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
 
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-use std::path::{Path, MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR};
+use std::path::{Path, MAIN_SEPARATOR};
 
 /// The various level of verbosity
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug)]
@@ -214,23 +214,13 @@ fn is_root(path: &Path, would_traverse_symlink: bool) -> bool {
         // We cannot check path.is_dir() here, as this would resolve symlinks,
         // which we need to avoid here.
         // All directory-ish paths match "*/", except ".", "..", "*/.", and "*/..".
-        let looks_like_dir = match path.as_os_str().to_str() {
-            // If it contains special character, prefer to err on the side of safety, i.e. forbidding the chown operation:
-            None => false,
-            Some(".") | Some("..") => true,
-            Some(path_str) => {
-                (path_str.ends_with(MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR))
-                    || (path_str.ends_with(&format!("{MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR}.")))
-                    || (path_str.ends_with(&format!("{MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR}..")))
-            }
-        };
-        // TODO: Once we reach MSRV 1.74.0, replace this abomination by something simpler, e.g. this:
-        // let path_bytes = path.as_os_str().as_encoded_bytes();
-        // let looks_like_dir = path_bytes == [b'.']
-        //     || path_bytes == [b'.', b'.']
-        //     || path_bytes.ends_with(&[MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8])
-        //     || path_bytes.ends_with(&[MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8, b'.'])
-        //     || path_bytes.ends_with(&[MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8, b'.', b'.']);
+        let path_bytes = path.as_os_str().as_encoded_bytes();
+        let looks_like_dir = path_bytes == [b'.']
+            || path_bytes == [b'.', b'.']
+            || path_bytes.ends_with(&[MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8])
+            || path_bytes.ends_with(&[MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8, b'.'])
+            || path_bytes.ends_with(&[MAIN_SEPARATOR as u8, b'.', b'.']);
+
         if !looks_like_dir {
             return false;
         }
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/quoting_style.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/quoting_style.rs
index 1efa6f746..6d0265dc6 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/quoting_style.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/quoting_style.rs
@@ -6,39 +6,43 @@
 //! Set of functions for escaping names according to different quoting styles.
 
 use std::char::from_digit;
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
 use std::fmt;
 
 // These are characters with special meaning in the shell (e.g. bash).
 // The first const contains characters that only have a special meaning when they appear at the beginning of a name.
-const SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS_START: &[char] = &['~', '#'];
+const SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS_START: &[u8] = b"~#";
 // PR#6559 : Remove `]{}` from special shell chars.
 const SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS: &str = "`$&*()|[;\\'\"<>?! ";
 
 /// The quoting style to use when escaping a name.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum QuotingStyle {
-    /// Escape the name as a literal string.
+    /// Escape the name as a shell string.
+    /// Used in, e.g., `ls --quoting-style=shell`.
     Shell {
         /// Whether to escape characters in the name.
+        /// True in, e.g., `ls --quoting-style=shell-escape`.
         escape: bool,
 
         /// Whether to always quote the name.
         always_quote: bool,
 
-        /// Whether to show control characters.
+        /// Whether to show control and non-unicode characters, or replace them with `?`.
         show_control: bool,
     },
 
     /// Escape the name as a C string.
+    /// Used in, e.g., `ls --quote-name`.
     C {
         /// The type of quotes to use.
         quotes: Quotes,
     },
 
-    /// Escape the name as a literal string.
+    /// Do not escape the string.
+    /// Used in, e.g., `ls --literal`.
     Literal {
-        /// Whether to show control characters.
+        /// Whether to show control and non-unicode characters, or replace them with `?`.
         show_control: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -72,16 +76,24 @@ enum EscapeState {
     Octal(EscapeOctal),
 }
 
+/// Bytes we need to present as escaped octal, in the form of `\nnn` per byte.
+/// Only supports characters up to 2 bytes long in UTF-8.
 struct EscapeOctal {
-    c: char,
+    c: [u8; 2],
     state: EscapeOctalState,
-    idx: usize,
+    idx: u8,
 }
 
 enum EscapeOctalState {
     Done,
-    Backslash,
-    Value,
+    FirstBackslash,
+    FirstValue,
+    LastBackslash,
+    LastValue,
+}
+
+fn byte_to_octal_digit(byte: u8, idx: u8) -> u8 {
+    (byte >> (idx * 3)) & 0o7
 }
 
 impl Iterator for EscapeOctal {
@@ -90,29 +102,57 @@ impl Iterator for EscapeOctal {
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
         match self.state {
             EscapeOctalState::Done => None,
-            EscapeOctalState::Backslash => {
-                self.state = EscapeOctalState::Value;
+            EscapeOctalState::FirstBackslash => {
+                self.state = EscapeOctalState::FirstValue;
                 Some('\\')
             }
-            EscapeOctalState::Value => {
-                let octal_digit = ((self.c as u32) >> (self.idx * 3)) & 0o7;
+            EscapeOctalState::LastBackslash => {
+                self.state = EscapeOctalState::LastValue;
+                Some('\\')
+            }
+            EscapeOctalState::FirstValue => {
+                let octal_digit = byte_to_octal_digit(self.c[0], self.idx);
+                if self.idx == 0 {
+                    self.state = EscapeOctalState::LastBackslash;
+                    self.idx = 2;
+                } else {
+                    self.idx -= 1;
+                }
+                Some(from_digit(octal_digit.into(), 8).unwrap())
+            }
+            EscapeOctalState::LastValue => {
+                let octal_digit = byte_to_octal_digit(self.c[1], self.idx);
                 if self.idx == 0 {
                     self.state = EscapeOctalState::Done;
                 } else {
                     self.idx -= 1;
                 }
-                Some(from_digit(octal_digit, 8).unwrap())
+                Some(from_digit(octal_digit.into(), 8).unwrap())
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl EscapeOctal {
-    fn from(c: char) -> Self {
+    fn from_char(c: char) -> Self {
+        if c.len_utf8() == 1 {
+            return Self::from_byte(c as u8);
+        }
+
+        let mut buf = [0; 2];
+        let _s = c.encode_utf8(&mut buf);
         Self {
-            c,
+            c: buf,
             idx: 2,
-            state: EscapeOctalState::Backslash,
+            state: EscapeOctalState::FirstBackslash,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_byte(b: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            c: [0, b],
+            idx: 2,
+            state: EscapeOctalState::LastBackslash,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -124,6 +164,12 @@ impl EscapedChar {
         }
     }
 
+    fn new_octal(b: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state: EscapeState::Octal(EscapeOctal::from_byte(b)),
+        }
+    }
+
     fn new_c(c: char, quotes: Quotes, dirname: bool) -> Self {
         use EscapeState::*;
         let init_state = match c {
@@ -148,7 +194,7 @@ impl EscapedChar {
                 _ => Char(' '),
             },
             ':' if dirname => Backslash(':'),
-            _ if c.is_ascii_control() => Octal(EscapeOctal::from(c)),
+            _ if c.is_control() => Octal(EscapeOctal::from_char(c)),
             _ => Char(c),
         };
         Self { state: init_state }
@@ -165,11 +211,11 @@ impl EscapedChar {
             '\x0B' => Backslash('v'),
             '\x0C' => Backslash('f'),
             '\r' => Backslash('r'),
-            '\x00'..='\x1F' | '\x7F' => Octal(EscapeOctal::from(c)),
             '\'' => match quotes {
                 Quotes::Single => Backslash('\''),
                 _ => Char('\''),
             },
+            _ if c.is_control() => Octal(EscapeOctal::from_char(c)),
             _ if SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS.contains(c) => ForceQuote(c),
             _ => Char(c),
         };
@@ -205,102 +251,124 @@ impl Iterator for EscapedChar {
     }
 }
 
-fn shell_without_escape(name: &str, quotes: Quotes, show_control_chars: bool) -> (String, bool) {
+/// Check whether `bytes` starts with any byte in `pattern`.
+fn bytes_start_with(bytes: &[u8], pattern: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    !bytes.is_empty() && pattern.contains(&bytes[0])
+}
+
+fn shell_without_escape(name: &[u8], quotes: Quotes, show_control_chars: bool) -> (Vec<u8>, bool) {
     let mut must_quote = false;
-    let mut escaped_str = String::with_capacity(name.len());
+    let mut escaped_str = Vec::with_capacity(name.len());
+    let mut utf8_buf = vec![0; 4];
 
-    for c in name.chars() {
-        let escaped = {
-            let ec = EscapedChar::new_shell(c, false, quotes);
-            if show_control_chars {
-                ec
-            } else {
-                ec.hide_control()
-            }
-        };
+    for s in name.utf8_chunks() {
+        for c in s.valid().chars() {
+            let escaped = {
+                let ec = EscapedChar::new_shell(c, false, quotes);
+                if show_control_chars {
+                    ec
+                } else {
+                    ec.hide_control()
+                }
+            };
 
-        match escaped.state {
-            EscapeState::Backslash('\'') => escaped_str.push_str("'\\''"),
-            EscapeState::ForceQuote(x) => {
-                must_quote = true;
-                escaped_str.push(x);
-            }
-            _ => {
-                for char in escaped {
-                    escaped_str.push(char);
+            match escaped.state {
+                EscapeState::Backslash('\'') => escaped_str.extend_from_slice(b"'\\''"),
+                EscapeState::ForceQuote(x) => {
+                    must_quote = true;
+                    escaped_str.extend_from_slice(x.encode_utf8(&mut utf8_buf).as_bytes());
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    for c in escaped {
+                        escaped_str.extend_from_slice(c.encode_utf8(&mut utf8_buf).as_bytes());
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        if show_control_chars {
+            escaped_str.extend_from_slice(s.invalid());
+        } else {
+            escaped_str.resize(escaped_str.len() + s.invalid().len(), b'?');
+        }
     }
 
-    must_quote = must_quote || name.starts_with(SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS_START);
+    must_quote = must_quote || bytes_start_with(name, SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS_START);
     (escaped_str, must_quote)
 }
 
-fn shell_with_escape(name: &str, quotes: Quotes) -> (String, bool) {
+fn shell_with_escape(name: &[u8], quotes: Quotes) -> (Vec<u8>, bool) {
     // We need to keep track of whether we are in a dollar expression
     // because e.g. \b\n is escaped as $'\b\n' and not like $'b'$'n'
     let mut in_dollar = false;
     let mut must_quote = false;
     let mut escaped_str = String::with_capacity(name.len());
 
-    for c in name.chars() {
-        let escaped = EscapedChar::new_shell(c, true, quotes);
-        match escaped.state {
-            EscapeState::Char(x) => {
-                if in_dollar {
-                    escaped_str.push_str("''");
+    for s in name.utf8_chunks() {
+        for c in s.valid().chars() {
+            let escaped = EscapedChar::new_shell(c, true, quotes);
+            match escaped.state {
+                EscapeState::Char(x) => {
+                    if in_dollar {
+                        escaped_str.push_str("''");
+                        in_dollar = false;
+                    }
+                    escaped_str.push(x);
+                }
+                EscapeState::ForceQuote(x) => {
+                    if in_dollar {
+                        escaped_str.push_str("''");
+                        in_dollar = false;
+                    }
+                    must_quote = true;
+                    escaped_str.push(x);
+                }
+                // Single quotes are not put in dollar expressions, but are escaped
+                // if the string also contains double quotes. In that case, they must
+                // be handled separately.
+                EscapeState::Backslash('\'') => {
+                    must_quote = true;
                     in_dollar = false;
+                    escaped_str.push_str("'\\''");
                 }
-                escaped_str.push(x);
-            }
-            EscapeState::ForceQuote(x) => {
-                if in_dollar {
-                    escaped_str.push_str("''");
-                    in_dollar = false;
-                }
-                must_quote = true;
-                escaped_str.push(x);
-            }
-            // Single quotes are not put in dollar expressions, but are escaped
-            // if the string also contains double quotes. In that case, they must
-            // be handled separately.
-            EscapeState::Backslash('\'') => {
-                must_quote = true;
-                in_dollar = false;
-                escaped_str.push_str("'\\''");
-            }
-            _ => {
-                if !in_dollar {
-                    escaped_str.push_str("'$'");
-                    in_dollar = true;
-                }
-                must_quote = true;
-                for char in escaped {
-                    escaped_str.push(char);
+                _ => {
+                    if !in_dollar {
+                        escaped_str.push_str("'$'");
+                        in_dollar = true;
+                    }
+                    must_quote = true;
+                    for char in escaped {
+                        escaped_str.push(char);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
+        if !s.invalid().is_empty() {
+            if !in_dollar {
+                escaped_str.push_str("'$'");
+                in_dollar = true;
+            }
+            must_quote = true;
+            let escaped_bytes: String = s
+                .invalid()
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|b| EscapedChar::new_octal(*b))
+                .collect();
+            escaped_str.push_str(&escaped_bytes);
+        }
     }
-    must_quote = must_quote || name.starts_with(SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS_START);
-    (escaped_str, must_quote)
+    must_quote = must_quote || bytes_start_with(name, SPECIAL_SHELL_CHARS_START);
+    (escaped_str.into(), must_quote)
 }
 
 /// Return a set of characters that implies quoting of the word in
 /// shell-quoting mode.
-fn shell_escaped_char_set(is_dirname: bool) -> &'static [char] {
-    const ESCAPED_CHARS: &[char] = &[
-        // the ':' colon character only induce quoting in the
-        // context of ls displaying a directory name before listing its content.
-        // (e.g. with the recursive flag -R)
-        ':',
-        // Under this line are the control characters that should be
-        // quoted in shell mode in all cases.
-        '"', '`', '$', '\\', '^', '\n', '\t', '\r', '=',
-    ];
-
+fn shell_escaped_char_set(is_dirname: bool) -> &'static [u8] {
+    const ESCAPED_CHARS: &[u8] = b":\"`$\\^\n\t\r=";
+    // the ':' colon character only induce quoting in the
+    // context of ls displaying a directory name before listing its content.
+    // (e.g. with the recursive flag -R)
     let start_index = if is_dirname { 0 } else { 1 };
-
     &ESCAPED_CHARS[start_index..]
 }
 
@@ -308,41 +376,57 @@ fn shell_escaped_char_set(is_dirname: bool) -> &'static [char] {
 ///
 /// This inner function provides an additional flag `dirname` which
 /// is meant for ls' directory name display.
-fn escape_name_inner(name: &OsStr, style: &QuotingStyle, dirname: bool) -> String {
+fn escape_name_inner(name: &[u8], style: &QuotingStyle, dirname: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
     match style {
         QuotingStyle::Literal { show_control } => {
             if *show_control {
-                name.to_string_lossy().into_owned()
+                name.to_owned()
             } else {
-                name.to_string_lossy()
-                    .chars()
-                    .flat_map(|c| EscapedChar::new_literal(c).hide_control())
-                    .collect()
+                name.utf8_chunks()
+                    .map(|s| {
+                        let valid: String = s
+                            .valid()
+                            .chars()
+                            .flat_map(|c| EscapedChar::new_literal(c).hide_control())
+                            .collect();
+                        let invalid = "?".repeat(s.invalid().len());
+                        valid + &invalid
+                    })
+                    .collect::<String>()
+                    .into()
             }
         }
         QuotingStyle::C { quotes } => {
             let escaped_str: String = name
-                .to_string_lossy()
-                .chars()
-                .flat_map(|c| EscapedChar::new_c(c, *quotes, dirname))
-                .collect();
+                .utf8_chunks()
+                .flat_map(|s| {
+                    let valid = s
+                        .valid()
+                        .chars()
+                        .flat_map(|c| EscapedChar::new_c(c, *quotes, dirname));
+                    let invalid = s.invalid().iter().flat_map(|b| EscapedChar::new_octal(*b));
+                    valid.chain(invalid)
+                })
+                .collect::<String>();
 
             match quotes {
                 Quotes::Single => format!("'{escaped_str}'"),
                 Quotes::Double => format!("\"{escaped_str}\""),
                 Quotes::None => escaped_str,
             }
+            .into()
         }
         QuotingStyle::Shell {
             escape,
             always_quote,
             show_control,
         } => {
-            let name = name.to_string_lossy();
-
-            let (quotes, must_quote) = if name.contains(shell_escaped_char_set(dirname)) {
+            let (quotes, must_quote) = if name
+                .iter()
+                .any(|c| shell_escaped_char_set(dirname).contains(c))
+            {
                 (Quotes::Single, true)
-            } else if name.contains('\'') {
+            } else if name.contains(&b'\'') {
                 (Quotes::Double, true)
             } else if *always_quote {
                 (Quotes::Single, true)
@@ -351,30 +435,43 @@ fn escape_name_inner(name: &OsStr, style: &QuotingStyle, dirname: bool) -> Strin
             };
 
             let (escaped_str, contains_quote_chars) = if *escape {
-                shell_with_escape(&name, quotes)
+                shell_with_escape(name, quotes)
             } else {
-                shell_without_escape(&name, quotes, *show_control)
+                shell_without_escape(name, quotes, *show_control)
             };
 
-            match (must_quote | contains_quote_chars, quotes) {
-                (true, Quotes::Single) => format!("'{escaped_str}'"),
-                (true, Quotes::Double) => format!("\"{escaped_str}\""),
-                _ => escaped_str,
+            if must_quote | contains_quote_chars && quotes != Quotes::None {
+                let mut quoted_str = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(escaped_str.len() + 2);
+                let quote = if quotes == Quotes::Single {
+                    b'\''
+                } else {
+                    b'"'
+                };
+                quoted_str.push(quote);
+                quoted_str.extend(escaped_str);
+                quoted_str.push(quote);
+                quoted_str
+            } else {
+                escaped_str
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Escape a filename with respect to the given style.
-pub fn escape_name(name: &OsStr, style: &QuotingStyle) -> String {
-    escape_name_inner(name, style, false)
+pub fn escape_name(name: &OsStr, style: &QuotingStyle) -> OsString {
+    let name = crate::os_str_as_bytes_lossy(name);
+    crate::os_string_from_vec(escape_name_inner(&name, style, false))
+        .expect("all byte sequences should be valid for platform, or already replaced in name")
 }
 
 /// Escape a directory name with respect to the given style.
 /// This is mainly meant to be used for ls' directory name printing and is not
 /// likely to be used elsewhere.
-pub fn escape_dir_name(dir_name: &OsStr, style: &QuotingStyle) -> String {
-    escape_name_inner(dir_name, style, true)
+pub fn escape_dir_name(dir_name: &OsStr, style: &QuotingStyle) -> OsString {
+    let name = crate::os_str_as_bytes_lossy(dir_name);
+    crate::os_string_from_vec(escape_name_inner(&name, style, true))
+        .expect("all byte sequences should be valid for platform, or already replaced in name")
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for QuotingStyle {
@@ -415,7 +512,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Quotes {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::quoting_style::{escape_name, Quotes, QuotingStyle};
+    use crate::quoting_style::{escape_name_inner, Quotes, QuotingStyle};
 
     // spell-checker:ignore (tests/words) one\'two one'two
 
@@ -465,14 +562,31 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    fn check_names_inner<T>(name: &[u8], map: &[(T, &str)]) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+        map.iter()
+            .map(|(_, style)| escape_name_inner(name, &get_style(style), false))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     fn check_names(name: &str, map: &[(&str, &str)]) {
         assert_eq!(
             map.iter()
-                .map(|(_, style)| escape_name(name.as_ref(), &get_style(style)))
-                .collect::<Vec<String>>(),
+                .map(|(correct, _)| *correct)
+                .collect::<Vec<&str>>(),
+            check_names_inner(name.as_bytes(), map)
+                .iter()
+                .map(|bytes| std::str::from_utf8(bytes)
+                    .expect("valid str goes in, valid str comes out"))
+                .collect::<Vec<&str>>()
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn check_names_raw(name: &[u8], map: &[(&[u8], &str)]) {
+        assert_eq!(
             map.iter()
-                .map(|(correct, _)| correct.to_string())
-                .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                .map(|(correct, _)| *correct)
+                .collect::<Vec<&[u8]>>(),
+            check_names_inner(name, map)
         );
     }
 
@@ -487,10 +601,10 @@ mod tests {
                 ("\"one_two\"", "c"),
                 ("one_two", "shell"),
                 ("one_two", "shell-show"),
-                ("\'one_two\'", "shell-always"),
-                ("\'one_two\'", "shell-always-show"),
+                ("'one_two'", "shell-always"),
+                ("'one_two'", "shell-always-show"),
                 ("one_two", "shell-escape"),
-                ("\'one_two\'", "shell-escape-always"),
+                ("'one_two'", "shell-escape-always"),
             ],
         );
     }
@@ -504,12 +618,12 @@ mod tests {
                 ("one two", "literal-show"),
                 ("one\\ two", "escape"),
                 ("\"one two\"", "c"),
-                ("\'one two\'", "shell"),
-                ("\'one two\'", "shell-show"),
-                ("\'one two\'", "shell-always"),
-                ("\'one two\'", "shell-always-show"),
-                ("\'one two\'", "shell-escape"),
-                ("\'one two\'", "shell-escape-always"),
+                ("'one two'", "shell"),
+                ("'one two'", "shell-show"),
+                ("'one two'", "shell-always"),
+                ("'one two'", "shell-always-show"),
+                ("'one two'", "shell-escape"),
+                ("'one two'", "shell-escape-always"),
             ],
         );
 
@@ -551,7 +665,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // One single quote
         check_names(
-            "one\'two",
+            "one'two",
             &[
                 ("one'two", "literal"),
                 ("one'two", "literal-show"),
@@ -637,7 +751,7 @@ mod tests {
             ],
         );
 
-        // The first 16 control characters. NUL is also included, even though it is of
+        // The first 16 ASCII control characters. NUL is also included, even though it is of
         // no importance for file names.
         check_names(
             "\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F",
@@ -676,7 +790,7 @@ mod tests {
             ],
         );
 
-        // The last 16 control characters.
+        // The last 16 ASCII control characters.
         check_names(
             "\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1A\x1B\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F",
             &[
@@ -730,6 +844,265 @@ mod tests {
                 ("''$'\\177'", "shell-escape-always"),
             ],
         );
+
+        // The first 16 Unicode control characters.
+        let test_str = std::str::from_utf8(b"\xC2\x80\xC2\x81\xC2\x82\xC2\x83\xC2\x84\xC2\x85\xC2\x86\xC2\x87\xC2\x88\xC2\x89\xC2\x8A\xC2\x8B\xC2\x8C\xC2\x8D\xC2\x8E\xC2\x8F").unwrap();
+        check_names(
+            test_str,
+            &[
+                ("????????????????", "literal"),
+                (test_str, "literal-show"),
+                ("\\302\\200\\302\\201\\302\\202\\302\\203\\302\\204\\302\\205\\302\\206\\302\\207\\302\\210\\302\\211\\302\\212\\302\\213\\302\\214\\302\\215\\302\\216\\302\\217", "escape"),
+                ("\"\\302\\200\\302\\201\\302\\202\\302\\203\\302\\204\\302\\205\\302\\206\\302\\207\\302\\210\\302\\211\\302\\212\\302\\213\\302\\214\\302\\215\\302\\216\\302\\217\"", "c"),
+                ("????????????????", "shell"),
+                (test_str, "shell-show"),
+                ("'????????????????'", "shell-always"),
+                (&format!("'{}'", test_str), "shell-always-show"),
+                ("''$'\\302\\200\\302\\201\\302\\202\\302\\203\\302\\204\\302\\205\\302\\206\\302\\207\\302\\210\\302\\211\\302\\212\\302\\213\\302\\214\\302\\215\\302\\216\\302\\217'", "shell-escape"),
+                ("''$'\\302\\200\\302\\201\\302\\202\\302\\203\\302\\204\\302\\205\\302\\206\\302\\207\\302\\210\\302\\211\\302\\212\\302\\213\\302\\214\\302\\215\\302\\216\\302\\217'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        // The last 16 Unicode control characters.
+        let test_str = std::str::from_utf8(b"\xC2\x90\xC2\x91\xC2\x92\xC2\x93\xC2\x94\xC2\x95\xC2\x96\xC2\x97\xC2\x98\xC2\x99\xC2\x9A\xC2\x9B\xC2\x9C\xC2\x9D\xC2\x9E\xC2\x9F").unwrap();
+        check_names(
+            test_str,
+            &[
+                ("????????????????", "literal"),
+                (test_str, "literal-show"),
+                ("\\302\\220\\302\\221\\302\\222\\302\\223\\302\\224\\302\\225\\302\\226\\302\\227\\302\\230\\302\\231\\302\\232\\302\\233\\302\\234\\302\\235\\302\\236\\302\\237", "escape"),
+                ("\"\\302\\220\\302\\221\\302\\222\\302\\223\\302\\224\\302\\225\\302\\226\\302\\227\\302\\230\\302\\231\\302\\232\\302\\233\\302\\234\\302\\235\\302\\236\\302\\237\"", "c"),
+                ("????????????????", "shell"),
+                (test_str, "shell-show"),
+                ("'????????????????'", "shell-always"),
+                (&format!("'{}'", test_str), "shell-always-show"),
+                ("''$'\\302\\220\\302\\221\\302\\222\\302\\223\\302\\224\\302\\225\\302\\226\\302\\227\\302\\230\\302\\231\\302\\232\\302\\233\\302\\234\\302\\235\\302\\236\\302\\237'", "shell-escape"),
+                ("''$'\\302\\220\\302\\221\\302\\222\\302\\223\\302\\224\\302\\225\\302\\226\\302\\227\\302\\230\\302\\231\\302\\232\\302\\233\\302\\234\\302\\235\\302\\236\\302\\237'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_non_unicode_bytes() {
+        let ascii = b'_';
+        let continuation = b'\xA7';
+        let first2byte = b'\xC2';
+        let first3byte = b'\xE0';
+        let first4byte = b'\xF0';
+        let invalid = b'\xC0';
+
+        // a single byte value invalid outside of additional context in UTF-8
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[continuation],
+            &[
+                (b"?", "literal"),
+                (b"\xA7", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\\247", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\\247\"", "c"),
+                (b"?", "shell"),
+                (b"\xA7", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'?'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xA7'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"''$'\\247'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"''$'\\247'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        // ...but the byte becomes valid with appropriate context
+        // (this is just the § character in UTF-8, written as bytes)
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[first2byte, continuation],
+            &[
+                (b"\xC2\xA7", "literal"),
+                (b"\xC2\xA7", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\xC2\xA7", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\xC2\xA7\"", "c"),
+                (b"\xC2\xA7", "shell"),
+                (b"\xC2\xA7", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'\xC2\xA7'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xC2\xA7'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"\xC2\xA7", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"'\xC2\xA7'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        // mixed with valid characters
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[continuation, ascii],
+            &[
+                (b"?_", "literal"),
+                (b"\xA7_", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\\247_", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\\247_\"", "c"),
+                (b"?_", "shell"),
+                (b"\xA7_", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'?_'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xA7_'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"''$'\\247''_'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"''$'\\247''_'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[ascii, continuation],
+            &[
+                (b"_?", "literal"),
+                (b"_\xA7", "literal-show"),
+                (b"_\\247", "escape"),
+                (b"\"_\\247\"", "c"),
+                (b"_?", "shell"),
+                (b"_\xA7", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'_?'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'_\xA7'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"'_'$'\\247'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"'_'$'\\247'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[ascii, continuation, ascii],
+            &[
+                (b"_?_", "literal"),
+                (b"_\xA7_", "literal-show"),
+                (b"_\\247_", "escape"),
+                (b"\"_\\247_\"", "c"),
+                (b"_?_", "shell"),
+                (b"_\xA7_", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'_?_'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'_\xA7_'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"'_'$'\\247''_'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"'_'$'\\247''_'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[continuation, ascii, continuation],
+            &[
+                (b"?_?", "literal"),
+                (b"\xA7_\xA7", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\\247_\\247", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\\247_\\247\"", "c"),
+                (b"?_?", "shell"),
+                (b"\xA7_\xA7", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'?_?'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xA7_\xA7'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"''$'\\247''_'$'\\247'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"''$'\\247''_'$'\\247'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        // contiguous invalid bytes
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[
+                ascii,
+                invalid,
+                ascii,
+                continuation,
+                continuation,
+                ascii,
+                continuation,
+                continuation,
+                continuation,
+                ascii,
+                continuation,
+                continuation,
+                continuation,
+                continuation,
+                ascii,
+            ],
+            &[
+                (b"_?_??_???_????_", "literal"),
+                (
+                    b"_\xC0_\xA7\xA7_\xA7\xA7\xA7_\xA7\xA7\xA7\xA7_",
+                    "literal-show",
+                ),
+                (
+                    b"_\\300_\\247\\247_\\247\\247\\247_\\247\\247\\247\\247_",
+                    "escape",
+                ),
+                (
+                    b"\"_\\300_\\247\\247_\\247\\247\\247_\\247\\247\\247\\247_\"",
+                    "c",
+                ),
+                (b"_?_??_???_????_", "shell"),
+                (
+                    b"_\xC0_\xA7\xA7_\xA7\xA7\xA7_\xA7\xA7\xA7\xA7_",
+                    "shell-show",
+                ),
+                (b"'_?_??_???_????_'", "shell-always"),
+                (
+                    b"'_\xC0_\xA7\xA7_\xA7\xA7\xA7_\xA7\xA7\xA7\xA7_'",
+                    "shell-always-show",
+                ),
+                (
+                    b"'_'$'\\300''_'$'\\247\\247''_'$'\\247\\247\\247''_'$'\\247\\247\\247\\247''_'",
+                    "shell-escape",
+                ),
+                (
+                    b"'_'$'\\300''_'$'\\247\\247''_'$'\\247\\247\\247''_'$'\\247\\247\\247\\247''_'",
+                    "shell-escape-always",
+                ),
+            ],
+        );
+
+        // invalid multi-byte sequences that start valid
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[first2byte, ascii],
+            &[
+                (b"?_", "literal"),
+                (b"\xC2_", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\\302_", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\\302_\"", "c"),
+                (b"?_", "shell"),
+                (b"\xC2_", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'?_'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xC2_'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"''$'\\302''_'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"''$'\\302''_'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[first2byte, first2byte, continuation],
+            &[
+                (b"?\xC2\xA7", "literal"),
+                (b"\xC2\xC2\xA7", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\\302\xC2\xA7", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\\302\xC2\xA7\"", "c"),
+                (b"?\xC2\xA7", "shell"),
+                (b"\xC2\xC2\xA7", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'?\xC2\xA7'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xC2\xC2\xA7'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"''$'\\302''\xC2\xA7'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"''$'\\302''\xC2\xA7'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[first3byte, continuation, ascii],
+            &[
+                (b"??_", "literal"),
+                (b"\xE0\xA7_", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\\340\\247_", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\\340\\247_\"", "c"),
+                (b"??_", "shell"),
+                (b"\xE0\xA7_", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'??_'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xE0\xA7_'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"''$'\\340\\247''_'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"''$'\\340\\247''_'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
+        check_names_raw(
+            &[first4byte, continuation, continuation, ascii],
+            &[
+                (b"???_", "literal"),
+                (b"\xF0\xA7\xA7_", "literal-show"),
+                (b"\\360\\247\\247_", "escape"),
+                (b"\"\\360\\247\\247_\"", "c"),
+                (b"???_", "shell"),
+                (b"\xF0\xA7\xA7_", "shell-show"),
+                (b"'???_'", "shell-always"),
+                (b"'\xF0\xA7\xA7_'", "shell-always-show"),
+                (b"''$'\\360\\247\\247''_'", "shell-escape"),
+                (b"''$'\\360\\247\\247''_'", "shell-escape-always"),
+            ],
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -765,7 +1138,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ("one\\\\two", "escape"),
                 ("\"one\\\\two\"", "c"),
                 ("'one\\two'", "shell"),
-                ("\'one\\two\'", "shell-always"),
+                ("'one\\two'", "shell-always"),
                 ("'one\\two'", "shell-escape"),
                 ("'one\\two'", "shell-escape-always"),
             ],
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/ranges.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/ranges.rs
index 222be7ca3..88851b9aa 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/ranges.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/ranges.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl Range {
         Ok(Self::merge(ranges))
     }
 
-    /// Merge any overlapping ranges
+    /// Merge any overlapping ranges. Adjacent ranges are *NOT* merged.
     ///
     /// Is guaranteed to return only disjoint ranges in a sorted order.
     fn merge(mut ranges: Vec<Self>) -> Vec<Self> {
@@ -101,10 +101,7 @@ impl Range {
         for i in 0..ranges.len() {
             let j = i + 1;
 
-            // The +1 is a small optimization, because we can merge adjacent Ranges.
-            // For example (1,3) and (4,6), because in the integers, there are no
-            // possible values between 3 and 4, this is equivalent to (1,6).
-            while j < ranges.len() && ranges[j].low <= ranges[i].high + 1 {
+            while j < ranges.len() && ranges[j].low <= ranges[i].high {
                 let j_high = ranges.remove(j).high;
                 ranges[i].high = max(ranges[i].high, j_high);
             }
@@ -216,8 +213,8 @@ mod test {
             &[r(10, 40), r(50, 60)],
         );
 
-        // Merge adjacent ranges
-        m(vec![r(1, 3), r(4, 6)], &[r(1, 6)]);
+        // Don't merge adjacent ranges
+        m(vec![r(1, 3), r(4, 6)], &[r(1, 3), r(4, 6)]);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/sum.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/sum.rs
index 086c6ca9d..df9e1673d 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/features/sum.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/features/sum.rs
@@ -207,13 +207,6 @@ impl Digest for CRC {
     }
 }
 
-// This can be replaced with usize::div_ceil once it is stabilized.
-// This implementation approach is optimized for when `b` is a constant,
-// particularly a power of two.
-pub fn div_ceil(a: usize, b: usize) -> usize {
-    (a + b - 1) / b
-}
-
 pub struct BSD {
     state: u16,
 }
@@ -410,7 +403,7 @@ impl<'a> DigestWriter<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Write for DigestWriter<'a> {
+impl Write for DigestWriter<'_> {
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
     fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
         self.digest.hash_update(buf);
diff --git a/src/uucore/src/lib/lib.rs b/src/uucore/src/lib/lib.rs
index 6142e688d..3a6a537ad 100644
--- a/src/uucore/src/lib/lib.rs
+++ b/src/uucore/src/lib/lib.rs
@@ -70,11 +70,13 @@ pub use crate::features::version_cmp;
 #[cfg(all(not(windows), feature = "mode"))]
 pub use crate::features::mode;
 // ** unix-only
+#[cfg(all(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"), feature = "buf-copy"))]
+pub use crate::features::buf_copy;
 #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "entries"))]
 pub use crate::features::entries;
 #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "perms"))]
 pub use crate::features::perms;
-#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "pipes"))]
+#[cfg(all(unix, any(feature = "pipes", feature = "buf-copy")))]
 pub use crate::features::pipes;
 #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "process"))]
 pub use crate::features::process;
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ pub use crate::features::wide;
 #[cfg(feature = "fsext")]
 pub use crate::features::fsext;
 
-#[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "macos"), feature = "fsxattr"))]
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "fsxattr"))]
 pub use crate::features::fsxattr;
 
 //## core functions
@@ -253,9 +255,10 @@ pub fn read_yes() -> bool {
     }
 }
 
-/// Helper function for processing delimiter values (which could be non UTF-8)
-/// It converts OsString to &[u8] for unix targets only
-/// On non-unix (i.e. Windows) it will just return an error if delimiter value is not UTF-8
+/// Converts an `OsStr` to a UTF-8 `&[u8]`.
+///
+/// This always succeeds on unix platforms,
+/// and fails on other platforms if the string can't be coerced to UTF-8.
 pub fn os_str_as_bytes(os_string: &OsStr) -> mods::error::UResult<&[u8]> {
     #[cfg(unix)]
     let bytes = os_string.as_bytes();
@@ -271,13 +274,28 @@ pub fn os_str_as_bytes(os_string: &OsStr) -> mods::error::UResult<&[u8]> {
     Ok(bytes)
 }
 
-/// Helper function for converting a slice of bytes into an &OsStr
-/// or OsString in non-unix targets.
+/// Performs a potentially lossy conversion from `OsStr` to UTF-8 bytes.
 ///
-/// It converts `&[u8]` to `Cow<OsStr>` for unix targets only.
-/// On non-unix (i.e. Windows), the conversion goes through the String type
-/// and thus undergo UTF-8 validation, making it fail if the stream contains
-/// non-UTF-8 characters.
+/// This is always lossless on unix platforms,
+/// and wraps [`OsStr::to_string_lossy`] on non-unix platforms.
+pub fn os_str_as_bytes_lossy(os_string: &OsStr) -> Cow<[u8]> {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let bytes = Cow::from(os_string.as_bytes());
+
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    let bytes = match os_string.to_string_lossy() {
+        Cow::Borrowed(slice) => Cow::from(slice.as_bytes()),
+        Cow::Owned(owned) => Cow::from(owned.into_bytes()),
+    };
+
+    bytes
+}
+
+/// Converts a `&[u8]` to an `&OsStr`,
+/// or parses it as UTF-8 into an [`OsString`] on non-unix platforms.
+///
+/// This always succeeds on unix platforms,
+/// and fails on other platforms if the bytes can't be parsed as UTF-8.
 pub fn os_str_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> mods::error::UResult<Cow<'_, OsStr>> {
     #[cfg(unix)]
     let os_str = Cow::Borrowed(OsStr::from_bytes(bytes));
@@ -289,9 +307,10 @@ pub fn os_str_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> mods::error::UResult<Cow<'_, OsStr>> {
     Ok(os_str)
 }
 
-/// Helper function for making an `OsString` from a byte field
-/// It converts `Vec<u8>` to `OsString` for unix targets only.
-/// On non-unix (i.e. Windows) it may fail if the bytes are not valid UTF-8
+/// Converts a `Vec<u8>` into an `OsString`, parsing as UTF-8 on non-unix platforms.
+///
+/// This always succeeds on unix platforms,
+/// and fails on other platforms if the bytes can't be parsed as UTF-8.
 pub fn os_string_from_vec(vec: Vec<u8>) -> mods::error::UResult<OsString> {
     #[cfg(unix)]
     let s = OsString::from_vec(vec);
diff --git a/src/uuhelp_parser/src/lib.rs b/src/uuhelp_parser/src/lib.rs
index da50c037b..0e0907f8a 100644
--- a/src/uuhelp_parser/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/uuhelp_parser/src/lib.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pub fn parse_usage(content: &str) -> String {
 pub fn parse_section(section: &str, content: &str) -> Option<String> {
     fn is_section_header(line: &str, section: &str) -> bool {
         line.strip_prefix("##")
-            .map_or(false, |l| l.trim().to_lowercase() == section)
+            .is_some_and(|l| l.trim().to_lowercase() == section)
     }
 
     let section = &section.to_lowercase();
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_base64.rs b/tests/by-util/test_base64.rs
index f07da925f..29b9edf02 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_base64.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_base64.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,28 @@ fn test_encode_repeat_flags_later_wrap_15() {
         .stdout_only("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmx\nkIQ==\n"); // spell-checker:disable-line
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_decode_short() {
+    let input = "aQ";
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["--decode"])
+        .pipe_in(input)
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("i");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_lines() {
+    let input = ["aQ\n\n\n", "a\nQ==\n\n\n"];
+    for i in input {
+        new_ucmd!()
+            .args(&["--decode"])
+            .pipe_in(i)
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_only("i");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_base64_encode_file() {
     new_ucmd!()
@@ -105,6 +127,17 @@ fn test_wrap() {
             // spell-checker:disable-next-line
             .stdout_only("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3du\nIGZveCBqdW1wcyBvdmVy\nIHRoZSBsYXp5IGRvZy4=\n");
     }
+    let input = "hello, world";
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["--wrap", "0"])
+        .pipe_in(input)
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk"); // spell-checker:disable-line
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["--wrap", "30"])
+        .pipe_in(input)
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("aGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk\n"); // spell-checker:disable-line
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_basenc.rs b/tests/by-util/test_basenc.rs
index 85c05ad3e..c0f40cd1d 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_basenc.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_basenc.rs
@@ -130,6 +130,24 @@ fn test_base16_decode() {
         .stdout_only("Hello, World!");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_base16_decode_lowercase() {
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["--base16", "-d"])
+        .pipe_in("48656c6c6f2c20576f726c6421")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("Hello, World!");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_base16_decode_and_ignore_garbage_lowercase() {
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["--base16", "-d", "-i"])
+        .pipe_in("48656c6c6f2c20576f726c6421")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("Hello, World!");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_base2msbf() {
     new_ucmd!()
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_cksum.rs b/tests/by-util/test_cksum.rs
index 98366cbec..2efc78b96 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_cksum.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_cksum.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
-// spell-checker:ignore (words) asdf algo algos asha mgmt xffname
+// spell-checker:ignore (words) asdf algo algos asha mgmt xffname hexa GFYEQ HYQK Yqxb
 
 use crate::common::util::TestScenario;
 
@@ -1251,33 +1251,6 @@ fn test_several_files_error_mgmt() {
         .stderr_contains("incorrect: no properly ");
 }
 
-#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-#[test]
-fn test_non_utf8_filename() {
-    use std::ffi::OsString;
-    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
-
-    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
-    let at = &scene.fixtures;
-    let filename: OsString = OsStringExt::from_vec(b"funky\xffname".to_vec());
-
-    at.touch(&filename);
-
-    scene
-        .ucmd()
-        .arg(&filename)
-        .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is_bytes(b"4294967295 0 funky\xffname\n")
-        .no_stderr();
-    scene
-        .ucmd()
-        .arg("-asha256")
-        .arg(filename)
-        .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is_bytes(b"SHA256 (funky\xffname) = e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855\n")
-        .no_stderr();
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_check_comment_line() {
     // A comment in a checksum file shall be discarded unnoticed.
@@ -1430,12 +1403,13 @@ fn test_check_trailing_space_fails() {
 /// in checksum files.
 /// These tests are excluded from Windows because it does not provide any safe
 /// conversion between `OsString` and byte sequences for non-utf-8 strings.
-#[cfg(not(windows))]
 mod check_utf8 {
-    use super::*;
 
+    // This test should pass on linux and macos.
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
     #[test]
     fn test_check_non_utf8_comment() {
+        use super::*;
         let hashes =
         b"MD5 (empty) = 1B2M2Y8AsgTpgAmY7PhCfg==\n\
         # Comment with a non utf8 char: >>\xff<<\n\
@@ -1458,15 +1432,18 @@ mod check_utf8 {
             .no_stderr();
     }
 
+    // This test should pass on linux. Windows and macos will fail to
+    // create a file which name contains '\xff'.
     #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
     #[test]
     fn test_check_non_utf8_filename() {
+        use super::*;
         use std::{ffi::OsString, os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt};
 
         let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
         let at = &scene.fixtures;
         let filename: OsString = OsStringExt::from_vec(b"funky\xffname".to_vec());
-        at.touch(&filename);
+        at.touch(filename);
 
         // Checksum match
         at.write_bytes("check",
@@ -1502,3 +1479,368 @@ mod check_utf8 {
             .stderr_contains("1 listed file could not be read");
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_check_blake_length_guess() {
+    let correct_lines = [
+        // Correct: The length is not explicit, but the checksum's size
+        // matches the default parameter.
+        "BLAKE2b (foo.dat) = ca002330e69d3e6b84a46a56a6533fd79d51d97a3bb7cad6c2ff43b354185d6dc1e723fb3db4ae0737e120378424c714bb982d9dc5bbd7a0ab318240ddd18f8d",
+        // Correct: The length is explicitly given, and the checksum's size
+        // matches the length.
+        "BLAKE2b-512 (foo.dat) = ca002330e69d3e6b84a46a56a6533fd79d51d97a3bb7cad6c2ff43b354185d6dc1e723fb3db4ae0737e120378424c714bb982d9dc5bbd7a0ab318240ddd18f8d",
+        // Correct: the checksum size is not default but
+        // the length is explicitly given.
+        "BLAKE2b-48 (foo.dat) = 171cdfdf84ed",
+    ];
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+    at.write("foo.dat", "foo");
+
+    for line in correct_lines {
+        at.write("foo.sums", line);
+        scene
+            .ucmd()
+            .arg("--check")
+            .arg(at.subdir.join("foo.sums"))
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_is("foo.dat: OK\n");
+    }
+
+    // Incorrect lines
+
+    // This is incorrect because the algorithm provides no length,
+    // and the checksum length is not default.
+    let incorrect = "BLAKE2b (foo.dat) = 171cdfdf84ed";
+    at.write("foo.sums", incorrect);
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .arg(at.subdir.join("foo.sums"))
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_contains("foo.sums: no properly formatted checksum lines found");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_check_confusing_base64() {
+    let cksum = "BLAKE2b-48 (foo.dat) = fc1f97C4";
+
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+    at.write("foo.dat", "esq");
+    at.write("foo.sums", cksum);
+
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .arg(at.subdir.join("foo.sums"))
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_is("foo.dat: OK\n");
+}
+
+/// This test checks that when a file contains several checksum lines
+/// with different encoding, the decoding still works.
+#[test]
+fn test_check_mix_hex_base64() {
+    let b64 = "BLAKE2b-128 (foo1.dat) = BBNuJPhdRwRlw9tm5Y7VbA==";
+    let hex = "BLAKE2b-128 (foo2.dat) = 04136e24f85d470465c3db66e58ed56c";
+
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+    at.write("foo1.dat", "foo");
+    at.write("foo2.dat", "foo");
+
+    at.write("hex_b64", &format!("{hex}\n{b64}"));
+    at.write("b64_hex", &format!("{b64}\n{hex}"));
+
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .arg(at.subdir.join("hex_b64"))
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("foo2.dat: OK\nfoo1.dat: OK\n");
+
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .arg(at.subdir.join("b64_hex"))
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("foo1.dat: OK\nfoo2.dat: OK\n");
+}
+
+/// This test ensures that an improperly formatted base64 checksum in a file
+/// does not interrupt the processing of next lines.
+#[test]
+fn test_check_incorrectly_formatted_checksum_keeps_processing_b64() {
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+    at.touch("f");
+
+    let good_ck = "MD5 (f) = 1B2M2Y8AsgTpgAmY7PhCfg=="; // OK
+    let bad_ck = "MD5 (f) = 1B2M2Y8AsgTpgAmY7PhCfg="; // Missing last '='
+
+    // Good then Bad
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .pipe_in([good_ck, bad_ck].join("\n").as_bytes().to_vec())
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_contains("f: OK")
+        .stderr_contains("cksum: WARNING: 1 line is improperly formatted");
+
+    // Bad then Good
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .pipe_in([bad_ck, good_ck].join("\n").as_bytes().to_vec())
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_contains("f: OK")
+        .stderr_contains("cksum: WARNING: 1 line is improperly formatted");
+}
+
+/// This test ensures that an improperly formatted hexadecimal checksum in a
+/// file does not interrupt the processing of next lines.
+#[test]
+fn test_check_incorrectly_formatted_checksum_keeps_processing_hex() {
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+    at.touch("f");
+
+    let good_ck = "MD5 (f) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"; // OK
+    let bad_ck = "MD5 (f) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427"; // Missing last
+
+    // Good then Bad
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .pipe_in([good_ck, bad_ck].join("\n").as_bytes().to_vec())
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_contains("f: OK")
+        .stderr_contains("cksum: WARNING: 1 line is improperly formatted");
+
+    // Bad then Good
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--check")
+        .pipe_in([bad_ck, good_ck].join("\n").as_bytes().to_vec())
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_contains("f: OK")
+        .stderr_contains("cksum: WARNING: 1 line is improperly formatted");
+}
+
+/// This module reimplements the cksum-base64.pl GNU test.
+mod gnu_cksum_base64 {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::common::util::log_info;
+
+    const PAIRS: [(&str, &str); 11] = [
+        ("sysv", "0 0 f"),
+        ("bsd", "00000     0 f"),
+        ("crc", "4294967295 0 f"),
+        ("md5", "1B2M2Y8AsgTpgAmY7PhCfg=="),
+        ("sha1", "2jmj7l5rSw0yVb/vlWAYkK/YBwk="),
+        ("sha224", "0UoCjCo6K8lHYQK7KII0xBWisB+CjqYqxbPkLw=="),
+        ("sha256", "47DEQpj8HBSa+/TImW+5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU="),
+        (
+            "sha384",
+            "OLBgp1GsljhM2TJ+sbHjaiH9txEUvgdDTAzHv2P24donTt6/529l+9Ua0vFImLlb",
+        ),
+        (
+            "sha512",
+            "z4PhNX7vuL3xVChQ1m2AB9Yg5AULVxXcg/SpIdNs6c5H0NE8XYXysP+DGNKHfuwvY7kxvUdBeoGlODJ6+SfaPg=="
+        ),
+        (
+            "blake2b",
+            "eGoC90IBWQPGxv2FJVLScpEvR0DhWEdhiobiF/cfVBnSXhAxr+5YUxOJZESTTrBLkDpoWxRIt1XVb3Aa/pvizg=="
+        ),
+        ("sm3", "GrIdg1XPoX+OYRlIMegajyK+yMco/vt0ftA161CCqis="),
+    ];
+
+    fn make_scene() -> TestScenario {
+        let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+        let at = &scene.fixtures;
+        at.touch("f");
+
+        scene
+    }
+
+    fn output_format(algo: &str, digest: &str) -> String {
+        if ["sysv", "bsd", "crc"].contains(&algo) {
+            digest.to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("{} (f) = {}", algo.to_uppercase(), digest).replace("BLAKE2B", "BLAKE2b")
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_generating() {
+        // Ensure that each algorithm works with `--base64`.
+        let scene = make_scene();
+
+        for (algo, digest) in PAIRS {
+            scene
+                .ucmd()
+                .arg("--base64")
+                .arg("-a")
+                .arg(algo)
+                .arg("f")
+                .succeeds()
+                .stdout_only(format!("{}\n", output_format(algo, digest)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_chk() {
+        // For each algorithm that accepts `--check`,
+        // ensure that it works with base64 digests.
+        let scene = make_scene();
+
+        for (algo, digest) in PAIRS {
+            if ["sysv", "bsd", "crc"].contains(&algo) {
+                // These algorithms do not accept `--check`
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let line = output_format(algo, digest);
+            scene
+                .ucmd()
+                .arg("--check")
+                .arg("--strict")
+                .pipe_in(line)
+                .succeeds()
+                .stdout_only("f: OK\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_chk_eq1() {
+        // For digests ending with '=', ensure `--check` fails if '=' is removed.
+        let scene = make_scene();
+
+        for (algo, digest) in PAIRS {
+            if !digest.ends_with('=') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let mut line = output_format(algo, digest);
+            if line.ends_with('=') {
+                line.pop();
+            }
+
+            log_info(format!("ALGORITHM: {algo}, STDIN: '{line}'"), "");
+            scene
+                .ucmd()
+                .arg("--check")
+                .pipe_in(line)
+                .fails()
+                .no_stdout()
+                .stderr_contains("no properly formatted checksum lines found");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_chk_eq2() {
+        // For digests ending with '==',
+        // ensure `--check` fails if '==' is removed.
+        let scene = make_scene();
+
+        for (algo, digest) in PAIRS {
+            if !digest.ends_with("==") {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let line = output_format(algo, digest);
+            let line = line.trim_end_matches("==");
+
+            log_info(format!("ALGORITHM: {algo}, STDIN: '{line}'"), "");
+            scene
+                .ucmd()
+                .arg("--check")
+                .pipe_in(line)
+                .fails()
+                .no_stdout()
+                .stderr_contains("no properly formatted checksum lines found");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The tests in this module check the behavior of cksum when given different
+/// checksum formats and algorithms in the same file, while specifying an
+/// algorithm on CLI or not.
+mod format_mix {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // First line is algo-based, second one is not
+    const INPUT_ALGO_NON_ALGO: &str = "\
+        BLAKE2b (bar) = 786a02f742015903c6c6fd852552d272912f4740e15847618a86e217f71f5419d25e1031afee585313896444934eb04b903a685b1448b755d56f701afe9be2ce\n\
+        786a02f742015903c6c6fd852552d272912f4740e15847618a86e217f71f5419d25e1031afee585313896444934eb04b903a685b1448b755d56f701afe9be2ce  foo";
+
+    // First line is non algo-based, second one is
+    const INPUT_NON_ALGO_ALGO: &str = "\
+        786a02f742015903c6c6fd852552d272912f4740e15847618a86e217f71f5419d25e1031afee585313896444934eb04b903a685b1448b755d56f701afe9be2ce  foo\n\
+        BLAKE2b (bar) = 786a02f742015903c6c6fd852552d272912f4740e15847618a86e217f71f5419d25e1031afee585313896444934eb04b903a685b1448b755d56f701afe9be2ce";
+
+    /// Make a simple scene with foo and bar empty files
+    fn make_scene() -> TestScenario {
+        let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+        let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+        at.touch("foo");
+        at.touch("bar");
+
+        scene
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_cli_algo_non_algo() {
+        let scene = make_scene();
+        scene
+            .ucmd()
+            .arg("--check")
+            .arg("--algo=blake2b")
+            .pipe_in(INPUT_ALGO_NON_ALGO)
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_contains("bar: OK\nfoo: OK")
+            .no_stderr();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_cli_non_algo_algo() {
+        let scene = make_scene();
+        scene
+            .ucmd()
+            .arg("--check")
+            .arg("--algo=blake2b")
+            .pipe_in(INPUT_NON_ALGO_ALGO)
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_contains("foo: OK\nbar: OK")
+            .no_stderr();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_algo_non_algo() {
+        let scene = make_scene();
+        scene
+            .ucmd()
+            .arg("--check")
+            .pipe_in(INPUT_ALGO_NON_ALGO)
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_contains("bar: OK")
+            .stderr_contains("cksum: WARNING: 1 line is improperly formatted");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_non_algo_algo() {
+        let scene = make_scene();
+        scene
+            .ucmd()
+            .arg("--check")
+            .pipe_in(INPUT_NON_ALGO_ALGO)
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_contains("bar: OK")
+            .stderr_contains("cksum: WARNING: 1 line is improperly formatted");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_comm.rs b/tests/by-util/test_comm.rs
index 2dc385ef3..b62febf50 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_comm.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_comm.rs
@@ -292,3 +292,36 @@ fn test_no_such_file() {
         .fails()
         .stderr_only("comm: bogus_file_1: No such file or directory\n");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_dir() {
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .args(&[".", "."])
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_only("comm: .: Is a directory\n");
+
+    at.mkdir("dir");
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .args(&["dir", "."])
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_only("comm: dir: Is a directory\n");
+
+    at.touch("file");
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .args(&[".", "file"])
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_only("comm: .: Is a directory\n");
+
+    at.touch("file");
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .args(&["file", "."])
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_only("comm: .: Is a directory\n");
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_cp.rs b/tests/by-util/test_cp.rs
index 156daec1f..7a0889b0f 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_cp.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_cp.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::common::util::TestScenario;
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 use std::fs::set_permissions;
 
+use std::io::Write;
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 use std::os::unix::fs;
 
@@ -447,9 +448,9 @@ fn test_cp_arg_update_older_dest_older_than_src() {
     let old_content = "old content\n";
     let new_content = "new content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -473,9 +474,9 @@ fn test_cp_arg_update_short_no_overwrite() {
     let old_content = "old content\n";
     let new_content = "new content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -499,9 +500,9 @@ fn test_cp_arg_update_short_overwrite() {
     let old_content = "old content\n";
     let new_content = "new content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -526,9 +527,9 @@ fn test_cp_arg_update_none_then_all() {
     let old_content = "old content\n";
     let new_content = "new content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -554,9 +555,9 @@ fn test_cp_arg_update_all_then_none() {
     let old_content = "old content\n";
     let new_content = "new content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_csplit.rs b/tests/by-util/test_csplit.rs
index 03b8c92fc..231571522 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_csplit.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_csplit.rs
@@ -130,17 +130,21 @@ fn test_up_to_match_sequence() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_up_to_match_offset() {
-    let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
-    ucmd.args(&["numbers50.txt", "/9$/+3"])
-        .succeeds()
-        .stdout_only("24\n117\n");
+    for offset in ["3", "+3"] {
+        let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
+        ucmd.args(&["numbers50.txt", &format!("/9$/{offset}")])
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_only("24\n117\n");
 
-    let count = glob(&at.plus_as_string("xx*"))
-        .expect("there should be splits created")
-        .count();
-    assert_eq!(count, 2);
-    assert_eq!(at.read("xx00"), generate(1, 12));
-    assert_eq!(at.read("xx01"), generate(12, 51));
+        let count = glob(&at.plus_as_string("xx*"))
+            .expect("there should be splits created")
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(count, 2);
+        assert_eq!(at.read("xx00"), generate(1, 12));
+        assert_eq!(at.read("xx01"), generate(12, 51));
+        at.remove("xx00");
+        at.remove("xx01");
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -316,16 +320,19 @@ fn test_skip_to_match_sequence4() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_skip_to_match_offset() {
-    let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
-    ucmd.args(&["numbers50.txt", "%23%+3"])
-        .succeeds()
-        .stdout_only("75\n");
+    for offset in ["3", "+3"] {
+        let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
+        ucmd.args(&["numbers50.txt", &format!("%23%{offset}")])
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_only("75\n");
 
-    let count = glob(&at.plus_as_string("xx*"))
-        .expect("there should be splits created")
-        .count();
-    assert_eq!(count, 1);
-    assert_eq!(at.read("xx00"), generate(26, 51));
+        let count = glob(&at.plus_as_string("xx*"))
+            .expect("there should be splits created")
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(count, 1);
+        assert_eq!(at.read("xx00"), generate(26, 51));
+        at.remove("xx00");
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -387,18 +394,23 @@ fn test_option_keep() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_option_quiet() {
-    let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
-    ucmd.args(&["--quiet", "numbers50.txt", "13", "%25%", "/0$/"])
-        .succeeds()
-        .no_stdout();
+    for arg in ["-q", "--quiet", "-s", "--silent"] {
+        let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
+        ucmd.args(&[arg, "numbers50.txt", "13", "%25%", "/0$/"])
+            .succeeds()
+            .no_stdout();
 
-    let count = glob(&at.plus_as_string("xx*"))
-        .expect("there should be splits created")
-        .count();
-    assert_eq!(count, 3);
-    assert_eq!(at.read("xx00"), generate(1, 13));
-    assert_eq!(at.read("xx01"), generate(25, 30));
-    assert_eq!(at.read("xx02"), generate(30, 51));
+        let count = glob(&at.plus_as_string("xx*"))
+            .expect("there should be splits created")
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(count, 3);
+        assert_eq!(at.read("xx00"), generate(1, 13));
+        assert_eq!(at.read("xx01"), generate(25, 30));
+        assert_eq!(at.read("xx02"), generate(30, 51));
+        at.remove("xx00");
+        at.remove("xx01");
+        at.remove("xx02");
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_cut.rs b/tests/by-util/test_cut.rs
index 86d3ddf0f..dbd26abb2 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_cut.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_cut.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 //
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
+
+// spell-checker:ignore defg
+
 use crate::common::util::TestScenario;
 
 static INPUT: &str = "lists.txt";
@@ -43,6 +46,13 @@ static COMPLEX_SEQUENCE: &TestedSequence = &TestedSequence {
     sequence: "9-,6-7,-2,4",
 };
 
+#[test]
+fn test_no_args() {
+    new_ucmd!().fails().stderr_is(
+        "cut: invalid usage: expects one of --fields (-f), --chars (-c) or --bytes (-b)\n",
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_invalid_arg() {
     new_ucmd!().arg("--definitely-invalid").fails().code_is(1);
@@ -246,25 +256,29 @@ fn test_no_such_file() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_equal_as_delimiter1() {
-    new_ucmd!()
-        .args(&["-f", "2", "-d="])
-        .pipe_in("--dir=./out/lib")
-        .succeeds()
-        .stdout_only("./out/lib\n");
+fn test_equal_as_delimiter() {
+    for arg in ["-d=", "--delimiter=="] {
+        new_ucmd!()
+            .args(&["-f2", arg])
+            .pipe_in("--dir=./out/lib")
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_only("./out/lib\n");
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_equal_as_delimiter2() {
-    new_ucmd!()
-        .args(&["-f2", "--delimiter="])
-        .pipe_in("a=b\n")
-        .succeeds()
-        .stdout_only("a=b\n");
+fn test_empty_string_as_delimiter() {
+    for arg in ["-d''", "--delimiter=", "--delimiter=''"] {
+        new_ucmd!()
+            .args(&["-f2", arg])
+            .pipe_in("a\0b\n")
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_only("b\n");
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_equal_as_delimiter3() {
+fn test_empty_string_as_delimiter_with_output_delimiter() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-f", "1,2", "-d", "''", "--output-delimiter=Z"])
         .pipe_in("ab\0cd\n")
@@ -273,13 +287,38 @@ fn test_equal_as_delimiter3() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_multiple() {
-    let result = new_ucmd!()
+fn test_newline_as_delimiter() {
+    for (field, expected_output) in [("1", "a:1\n"), ("2", "b:\n")] {
+        new_ucmd!()
+            .args(&["-f", field, "-d", "\n"])
+            .pipe_in("a:1\nb:")
+            .succeeds()
+            .stdout_only_bytes(expected_output);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_newline_as_delimiter_with_output_delimiter() {
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-f1-", "-d", "\n", "--output-delimiter=:"])
+        .pipe_in("a\nb\n")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only_bytes("a:b\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multiple_delimiters() {
+    new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-f2", "-d:", "-d="])
-        .pipe_in("a=b\n")
-        .succeeds();
-    assert_eq!(result.stdout_str(), "b\n");
-    assert_eq!(result.stderr_str(), "");
+        .pipe_in("a:=b\n")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("b\n");
+
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-f2", "-d=", "-d:"])
+        .pipe_in("a:=b\n")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("=b\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -300,13 +339,6 @@ fn test_multiple_mode_args() {
     }
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_no_argument() {
-    new_ucmd!().fails().stderr_is(
-        "cut: invalid usage: expects one of --fields (-f), --chars (-c) or --bytes (-b)\n",
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 #[cfg(unix)]
 fn test_8bit_non_utf8_delimiter() {
@@ -320,3 +352,29 @@ fn test_8bit_non_utf8_delimiter() {
         .succeeds()
         .stdout_check(|out| out == "b_c\n".as_bytes());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_newline_preservation_with_f1_option() {
+    let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
+    at.write("1", "a\nb");
+    let expected = "a\nb\n";
+    ucmd.args(&["-f1-", "1"]).succeeds().stdout_is(expected);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_output_delimiter_with_character_ranges() {
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-c2-3,4-", "--output-delim=:"])
+        .pipe_in("abcdefg\n")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("bc:defg\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_output_delimiter_with_adjacent_ranges() {
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-b1-2,3-4", "--output-d=:"])
+        .pipe_in("abcd\n")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("ab:cd\n");
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_dd.rs b/tests/by-util/test_dd.rs
index e1e55054a..64ca7603b 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_dd.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_dd.rs
@@ -1658,13 +1658,14 @@ fn test_reading_partial_blocks_from_fifo() {
     // Start different processes to write to the FIFO, with a small
     // pause in between.
     let mut writer_command = Command::new("sh");
-    writer_command
+    let _ = writer_command
         .args([
             "-c",
             &format!("(printf \"ab\"; sleep 0.1; printf \"cd\") > {fifoname}"),
         ])
         .spawn()
-        .unwrap();
+        .unwrap()
+        .wait();
 
     let output = child.wait_with_output().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(output.stdout, b"abcd");
@@ -1701,13 +1702,14 @@ fn test_reading_partial_blocks_from_fifo_unbuffered() {
     // Start different processes to write to the FIFO, with a small
     // pause in between.
     let mut writer_command = Command::new("sh");
-    writer_command
+    let _ = writer_command
         .args([
             "-c",
             &format!("(printf \"ab\"; sleep 0.1; printf \"cd\") > {fifoname}"),
         ])
         .spawn()
-        .unwrap();
+        .unwrap()
+        .wait();
 
     let output = child.wait_with_output().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(output.stdout, b"abcd");
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_du.rs b/tests/by-util/test_du.rs
index ef6179e02..ecbf58b11 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_du.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_du.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 use regex::Regex;
 
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 use crate::common::util::expected_result;
 use crate::common::util::TestScenario;
 
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ fn test_du_basics() {
             return;
         }
     }
-    _du_basics(result.stdout_str());
+    du_basics(result.stdout_str());
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-fn _du_basics(s: &str) {
+fn du_basics(s: &str) {
     let answer = concat!(
         "4\t./subdir/deeper/deeper_dir\n",
         "8\t./subdir/deeper\n",
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn _du_basics(s: &str) {
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn _du_basics(s: &str) {
+fn du_basics(s: &str) {
     let answer = concat!(
         "0\t.\\subdir\\deeper\\deeper_dir\n",
         "0\t.\\subdir\\deeper\n",
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn _du_basics(s: &str) {
 }
 
 #[cfg(all(not(target_vendor = "apple"), not(target_os = "windows"),))]
-fn _du_basics(s: &str) {
+fn du_basics(s: &str) {
     let answer = concat!(
         "8\t./subdir/deeper/deeper_dir\n",
         "16\t./subdir/deeper\n",
@@ -95,19 +95,19 @@ fn test_du_basics_subdir() {
             return;
         }
     }
-    _du_basics_subdir(result.stdout_str());
+    du_basics_subdir(result.stdout_str());
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-fn _du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
+fn du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "4\tsubdir/deeper/deeper_dir\n8\tsubdir/deeper\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn _du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
+fn du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "0\tsubdir/deeper\\deeper_dir\n0\tsubdir/deeper\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
-fn _du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
+fn du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "8\tsubdir/deeper/deeper_dir\n16\tsubdir/deeper\n");
 }
 #[cfg(all(
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ fn _du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
     not(target_os = "windows"),
     not(target_os = "freebsd")
 ))]
-fn _du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
+fn du_basics_subdir(s: &str) {
     // MS-WSL linux has altered expected output
     if uucore::os::is_wsl_1() {
         assert_eq!(s, "0\tsubdir/deeper\n");
@@ -206,20 +206,20 @@ fn test_du_soft_link() {
             return;
         }
     }
-    _du_soft_link(result.stdout_str());
+    du_soft_link(result.stdout_str());
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-fn _du_soft_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_soft_link(s: &str) {
     // 'macos' host variants may have `du` output variation for soft links
     assert!((s == "12\tsubdir/links\n") || (s == "16\tsubdir/links\n"));
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn _du_soft_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_soft_link(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "8\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
-fn _du_soft_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_soft_link(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "16\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(all(
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fn _du_soft_link(s: &str) {
     not(target_os = "windows"),
     not(target_os = "freebsd")
 ))]
-fn _du_soft_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_soft_link(s: &str) {
     // MS-WSL linux has altered expected output
     if uucore::os::is_wsl_1() {
         assert_eq!(s, "8\tsubdir/links\n");
@@ -255,19 +255,19 @@ fn test_du_hard_link() {
         }
     }
     // We do not double count hard links as the inodes are identical
-    _du_hard_link(result.stdout_str());
+    du_hard_link(result.stdout_str());
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-fn _du_hard_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_hard_link(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "12\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn _du_hard_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_hard_link(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "8\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
-fn _du_hard_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_hard_link(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "16\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(all(
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn _du_hard_link(s: &str) {
     not(target_os = "windows"),
     not(target_os = "freebsd")
 ))]
-fn _du_hard_link(s: &str) {
+fn du_hard_link(s: &str) {
     // MS-WSL linux has altered expected output
     if uucore::os::is_wsl_1() {
         assert_eq!(s, "8\tsubdir/links\n");
@@ -299,19 +299,19 @@ fn test_du_d_flag() {
             return;
         }
     }
-    _du_d_flag(result.stdout_str());
+    du_d_flag(result.stdout_str());
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-fn _du_d_flag(s: &str) {
+fn du_d_flag(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "20\t./subdir\n24\t.\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn _du_d_flag(s: &str) {
+fn du_d_flag(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "8\t.\\subdir\n8\t.\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
-fn _du_d_flag(s: &str) {
+fn du_d_flag(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "36\t./subdir\n44\t.\n");
 }
 #[cfg(all(
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ fn _du_d_flag(s: &str) {
     not(target_os = "windows"),
     not(target_os = "freebsd")
 ))]
-fn _du_d_flag(s: &str) {
+fn du_d_flag(s: &str) {
     // MS-WSL linux has altered expected output
     if uucore::os::is_wsl_1() {
         assert_eq!(s, "8\t./subdir\n8\t.\n");
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ fn test_du_dereference() {
         }
     }
 
-    _du_dereference(result.stdout_str());
+    du_dereference(result.stdout_str());
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
@@ -376,15 +376,15 @@ fn test_du_dereference_args() {
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-fn _du_dereference(s: &str) {
+fn du_dereference(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "4\tsubdir/links/deeper_dir\n16\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn _du_dereference(s: &str) {
+fn du_dereference(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "0\tsubdir/links\\deeper_dir\n8\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
-fn _du_dereference(s: &str) {
+fn du_dereference(s: &str) {
     assert_eq!(s, "8\tsubdir/links/deeper_dir\n24\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 #[cfg(all(
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ fn _du_dereference(s: &str) {
     not(target_os = "windows"),
     not(target_os = "freebsd")
 ))]
-fn _du_dereference(s: &str) {
+fn du_dereference(s: &str) {
     // MS-WSL linux has altered expected output
     if uucore::os::is_wsl_1() {
         assert_eq!(s, "0\tsubdir/links/deeper_dir\n8\tsubdir/links\n");
@@ -454,20 +454,15 @@ fn test_du_inodes_basic() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
     let result = ts.ucmd().arg("--inodes").succeeds();
 
-    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
     {
         let result_reference = unwrap_or_return!(expected_result(&ts, &["--inodes"]));
         assert_eq!(result.stdout_str(), result_reference.stdout_str());
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android")))]
-    _du_inodes_basic(result.stdout_str());
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-fn _du_inodes_basic(s: &str) {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
     assert_eq!(
-        s,
+        result.stdout_str(),
         concat!(
             "2\t.\\subdir\\deeper\\deeper_dir\n",
             "4\t.\\subdir\\deeper\n",
@@ -478,20 +473,6 @@ fn _du_inodes_basic(s: &str) {
     );
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
-fn _du_inodes_basic(s: &str) {
-    assert_eq!(
-        s,
-        concat!(
-            "2\t./subdir/deeper/deeper_dir\n",
-            "4\t./subdir/deeper\n",
-            "3\t./subdir/links\n",
-            "8\t./subdir\n",
-            "11\t.\n",
-        )
-    );
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_du_inodes() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
@@ -546,6 +527,33 @@ fn test_du_inodes_with_count_links() {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+#[test]
+fn test_du_inodes_with_count_links_all() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+
+    at.mkdir("d");
+    at.mkdir("d/d");
+    at.touch("d/f");
+    at.hard_link("d/f", "d/h");
+
+    let result = ts.ucmd().arg("--inodes").arg("-al").arg("d").succeeds();
+    result.no_stderr();
+
+    let mut result_seq: Vec<String> = result
+        .stdout_str()
+        .split('\n')
+        .filter(|x| !x.is_empty())
+        .map(|x| x.parse().unwrap())
+        .collect();
+    result_seq.sort_unstable();
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    assert_eq!(result_seq, ["1\td\\d", "1\td\\f", "1\td\\h", "4\td"]);
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    assert_eq!(result_seq, ["1\td/d", "1\td/f", "1\td/h", "4\td"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_du_h_flag_empty_file() {
     new_ucmd!()
@@ -679,8 +687,10 @@ fn test_du_no_permission() {
             return;
         }
     }
-
-    _du_no_permission(result.stdout_str());
+    #[cfg(not(target_vendor = "apple"))]
+    assert_eq!(result.stdout_str(), "4\tsubdir/links\n");
+    #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
+    assert_eq!(result.stdout_str(), "0\tsubdir/links\n");
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
@@ -698,15 +708,6 @@ fn test_du_no_exec_permission() {
     result.stderr_contains("du: cannot access 'd/no-x/y': Permission denied");
 }
 
-#[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
-fn _du_no_permission(s: &str) {
-    assert_eq!(s, "0\tsubdir/links\n");
-}
-#[cfg(all(not(target_vendor = "apple"), not(target_os = "windows")))]
-fn _du_no_permission(s: &str) {
-    assert_eq!(s, "4\tsubdir/links\n");
-}
-
 #[test]
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "openbsd"))]
 fn test_du_one_file_system() {
@@ -722,7 +723,7 @@ fn test_du_one_file_system() {
             return;
         }
     }
-    _du_basics_subdir(result.stdout_str());
+    du_basics_subdir(result.stdout_str());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1171,3 +1172,83 @@ fn test_invalid_time_style() {
         .succeeds()
         .stdout_does_not_contain("du: invalid argument 'banana' for 'time style'");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_human_size() {
+    use std::fs::File;
+
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+    let dir = at.plus_as_string("d");
+    at.mkdir(&dir);
+
+    for i in 1..=1023 {
+        let file_path = format!("{dir}/file{i}");
+        File::create(&file_path).expect("Failed to create file");
+    }
+
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .arg("--inodes")
+        .arg("-h")
+        .arg(&dir)
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_contains(format!("1.0K	{dir}"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+#[test]
+fn test_du_deduplicated_input_args() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+
+    at.mkdir("d");
+    at.mkdir("d/d");
+    at.touch("d/f");
+    at.hard_link("d/f", "d/h");
+
+    let result = ts
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--inodes")
+        .arg("d")
+        .arg("d")
+        .arg("d")
+        .succeeds();
+    result.no_stderr();
+
+    let result_seq: Vec<String> = result
+        .stdout_str()
+        .lines()
+        .map(|x| x.parse().unwrap())
+        .collect();
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    assert_eq!(result_seq, ["1\td\\d", "3\td"]);
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    assert_eq!(result_seq, ["1\td/d", "3\td"]);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+#[test]
+fn test_du_no_deduplicated_input_args() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+
+    at.mkdir("d");
+    at.touch("d/d");
+
+    let result = ts
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("--inodes")
+        .arg("-l")
+        .arg("d")
+        .arg("d")
+        .arg("d")
+        .succeeds();
+    result.no_stderr();
+
+    let result_seq: Vec<String> = result
+        .stdout_str()
+        .lines()
+        .map(|x| x.parse().unwrap())
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(result_seq, ["2\td", "2\td", "2\td"]);
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_echo.rs b/tests/by-util/test_echo.rs
index 136500b48..dd6b412a4 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_echo.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_echo.rs
@@ -219,8 +219,7 @@ fn test_hyphen_values_at_start() {
         .arg("-test")
         .arg("araba")
         .arg("-merci")
-        .run()
-        .success()
+        .succeeds()
         .stdout_does_not_contain("-E")
         .stdout_is("-test araba -merci\n");
 }
@@ -231,8 +230,7 @@ fn test_hyphen_values_between() {
         .arg("test")
         .arg("-E")
         .arg("araba")
-        .run()
-        .success()
+        .succeeds()
         .stdout_is("test -E araba\n");
 
     new_ucmd!()
@@ -240,11 +238,20 @@ fn test_hyphen_values_between() {
         .arg("dum dum dum")
         .arg("-e")
         .arg("dum")
-        .run()
-        .success()
+        .succeeds()
         .stdout_is("dumdum  dum dum dum -e dum\n");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_double_hyphens() {
+    new_ucmd!().arg("--").succeeds().stdout_only("--\n");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .arg("--")
+        .arg("--")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("-- --\n");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn wrapping_octal() {
     // Some odd behavior of GNU. Values of \0400 and greater do not fit in the
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_env.rs b/tests/by-util/test_env.rs
index 208feab6d..a1b13e020 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_env.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_env.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::common::util::TestScenario;
 use crate::common::util::UChild;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
+#[cfg(feature = "echo")]
 use regex::Regex;
 use std::env;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -35,13 +36,14 @@ impl Target {
         Self { child }
     }
     fn send_signal(&mut self, signal: Signal) {
-        Command::new("kill")
+        let _ = Command::new("kill")
             .args(&[
                 format!("-{}", signal as i32),
                 format!("{}", self.child.id()),
             ])
             .spawn()
-            .expect("failed to send signal");
+            .expect("failed to send signal")
+            .wait();
         self.child.delay(100);
     }
     fn is_alive(&mut self) -> bool {
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ fn test_if_windows_batch_files_can_be_executed() {
     assert!(result.stdout_str().contains("Hello Windows World!"));
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "echo")]
 #[test]
 fn test_debug_1() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
@@ -118,6 +121,7 @@ fn test_debug_1() {
     );
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "echo")]
 #[test]
 fn test_debug_2() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
@@ -144,6 +148,7 @@ fn test_debug_2() {
     );
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "echo")]
 #[test]
 fn test_debug1_part_of_string_arg() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
@@ -165,6 +170,7 @@ fn test_debug1_part_of_string_arg() {
     );
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "echo")]
 #[test]
 fn test_debug2_part_of_string_arg() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
@@ -651,7 +657,7 @@ fn test_env_with_empty_executable_double_quotes() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(unix)]
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "dirname", feature = "echo"))]
 fn test_env_overwrite_arg0() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
 
@@ -675,7 +681,7 @@ fn test_env_overwrite_arg0() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(unix)]
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "echo"))]
 fn test_env_arg_argv0_overwrite() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
 
@@ -723,7 +729,7 @@ fn test_env_arg_argv0_overwrite() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[cfg(unix)]
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "echo"))]
 fn test_env_arg_argv0_overwrite_mixed_with_string_args() {
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
 
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_fmt.rs b/tests/by-util/test_fmt.rs
index 9bb82ede5..fb6416430 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_fmt.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_fmt.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ fn test_invalid_arg() {
     new_ucmd!().arg("--definitely-invalid").fails().code_is(1);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_invalid_input() {
+    new_ucmd!().arg(".").fails().code_is(1);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_fmt() {
     new_ucmd!()
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_ls.rs b/tests/by-util/test_ls.rs
index 0c0d8e3a8..f65078a0d 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_ls.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_ls.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
 // spell-checker:ignore (words) READMECAREFULLY birthtime doesntexist oneline somebackup lrwx somefile somegroup somehiddenbackup somehiddenfile tabsize aaaaaaaa bbbb cccc dddddddd ncccc neee naaaaa nbcdef nfffff dired subdired tmpfs mdir COLORTERM mexe bcdef mfoo
+// spell-checker:ignore (words) fakeroot setcap
 #![allow(
     clippy::similar_names,
     clippy::too_many_lines,
@@ -1329,10 +1330,10 @@ fn test_ls_long_symlink_color() {
             Some(captures) => {
                 dbg!(captures.get(1).unwrap().as_str().to_string());
                 dbg!(captures.get(2).unwrap().as_str().to_string());
-                return (
+                (
                     captures.get(1).unwrap().as_str().to_string(),
                     captures.get(2).unwrap().as_str().to_string(),
-                );
+                )
             }
             None => (String::new(), input.to_string()),
         }
@@ -5516,3 +5517,49 @@ fn test_suffix_case_sensitivity() {
         /* cSpell:enable */
     );
 }
+
+#[cfg(all(unix, target_os = "linux"))]
+#[test]
+fn test_ls_capabilities() {
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+    // Test must be run as root (or with `sudo -E`)
+    // fakeroot setcap cap_net_bind_service=ep /tmp/file_name
+    // doesn't trigger an error and fails silently
+    if scene.cmd("whoami").run().stdout_str() != "root\n" {
+        return;
+    }
+    at.mkdir("test");
+    at.mkdir("test/dir");
+    at.touch("test/cap_pos");
+    at.touch("test/dir/cap_neg");
+    at.touch("test/dir/cap_pos");
+
+    let files = ["test/cap_pos", "test/dir/cap_pos"];
+    for file in &files {
+        scene
+            .cmd("sudo")
+            .args(&[
+                "-E",
+                "--non-interactive",
+                "setcap",
+                "cap_net_bind_service=ep",
+                at.plus(file).to_str().unwrap(),
+            ])
+            .succeeds();
+    }
+
+    let ls_colors = "di=:ca=30;41";
+
+    scene
+        .ucmd()
+        .env("LS_COLORS", ls_colors)
+        .arg("--color=always")
+        .arg("test/cap_pos")
+        .arg("test/dir")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_contains("\x1b[30;41mtest/cap_pos") // spell-checker:disable-line
+        .stdout_contains("\x1b[30;41mcap_pos") // spell-checker:disable-line
+        .stdout_does_not_contain("0;41mtest/dir/cap_neg"); // spell-checker:disable-line
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_mkfifo.rs b/tests/by-util/test_mkfifo.rs
index 731b6c1d5..e25bbfc44 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_mkfifo.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_mkfifo.rs
@@ -52,3 +52,50 @@ fn test_create_one_fifo_already_exists() {
         .fails()
         .stderr_is("mkfifo: cannot create fifo 'abcdef': File exists\n");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_create_fifo_with_mode_and_umask() {
+    use uucore::fs::display_permissions;
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+    let test_fifo_creation = |mode: &str, umask: u16, expected: &str| {
+        scene
+            .ucmd()
+            .arg("-m")
+            .arg(mode)
+            .arg(format!("fifo_test_{mode}"))
+            .umask(libc::mode_t::from(umask))
+            .succeeds();
+
+        let metadata = std::fs::metadata(at.subdir.join(format!("fifo_test_{mode}"))).unwrap();
+        let permissions = display_permissions(&metadata, true);
+        assert_eq!(permissions, expected.to_string());
+    };
+
+    test_fifo_creation("734", 0o077, "prwx-wxr--"); // spell-checker:disable-line
+    test_fifo_creation("706", 0o777, "prwx---rw-"); // spell-checker:disable-line
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_create_fifo_with_umask() {
+    use uucore::fs::display_permissions;
+    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &scene.fixtures;
+
+    let test_fifo_creation = |umask: u16, expected: &str| {
+        scene
+            .ucmd()
+            .arg("fifo_test")
+            .umask(libc::mode_t::from(umask))
+            .succeeds();
+
+        let metadata = std::fs::metadata(at.subdir.join("fifo_test")).unwrap();
+        let permissions = display_permissions(&metadata, true);
+        assert_eq!(permissions, expected.to_string());
+        at.remove("fifo_test");
+    };
+
+    test_fifo_creation(0o022, "prw-r--r--"); // spell-checker:disable-line
+    test_fifo_creation(0o777, "p---------"); // spell-checker:disable-line
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_mv.rs b/tests/by-util/test_mv.rs
index d8bc49e8e..1419be4e9 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_mv.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_mv.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore mydir
 use crate::common::util::TestScenario;
 use filetime::FileTime;
-use std::thread::sleep;
-use std::time::Duration;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use std::io::Write;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_mv_invalid_arg() {
@@ -468,7 +468,31 @@ fn test_mv_same_symlink() {
         .arg(file_c)
         .arg(file_a)
         .fails()
-        .stderr_is(format!("mv: '{file_c}' and '{file_a}' are the same file\n",));
+        .stderr_is(format!("mv: '{file_c}' and '{file_a}' are the same file\n"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "android")))]
+fn test_mv_same_broken_symlink() {
+    let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
+
+    at.symlink_file("missing-target", "broken");
+
+    ucmd.arg("broken")
+        .arg("broken")
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_is("mv: 'broken' and 'broken' are the same file\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "android")))]
+fn test_mv_symlink_into_target() {
+    let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
+
+    at.mkdir("dir");
+    at.symlink_file("dir", "dir-link");
+
+    ucmd.arg("dir-link").arg("dir").succeeds();
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -572,6 +596,30 @@ fn test_mv_simple_backup() {
     assert!(at.file_exists(format!("{file_b}~")));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_mv_simple_backup_for_directory() {
+    let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
+    let dir_a = "test_mv_simple_backup_dir_a";
+    let dir_b = "test_mv_simple_backup_dir_b";
+
+    at.mkdir(dir_a);
+    at.mkdir(dir_b);
+    at.touch(format!("{dir_a}/file_a"));
+    at.touch(format!("{dir_b}/file_b"));
+    ucmd.arg("-T")
+        .arg("-b")
+        .arg(dir_a)
+        .arg(dir_b)
+        .succeeds()
+        .no_stderr();
+
+    assert!(!at.dir_exists(dir_a));
+    assert!(at.dir_exists(dir_b));
+    assert!(at.dir_exists(&format!("{dir_b}~")));
+    assert!(at.file_exists(format!("{dir_b}/file_a")));
+    assert!(at.file_exists(format!("{dir_b}~/file_b")));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_mv_simple_backup_with_file_extension() {
     let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
@@ -974,9 +1022,9 @@ fn test_mv_arg_update_older_dest_not_older() {
     let old_content = "file1 content\n";
     let new_content = "file2 content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -1001,9 +1049,9 @@ fn test_mv_arg_update_none_then_all() {
     let old_content = "old content\n";
     let new_content = "new content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -1029,9 +1077,9 @@ fn test_mv_arg_update_all_then_none() {
     let old_content = "old content\n";
     let new_content = "new content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -1055,9 +1103,9 @@ fn test_mv_arg_update_older_dest_older() {
     let old_content = "file1 content\n";
     let new_content = "file2 content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -1081,9 +1129,9 @@ fn test_mv_arg_update_short_overwrite() {
     let old_content = "file1 content\n";
     let new_content = "file2 content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -1107,9 +1155,9 @@ fn test_mv_arg_update_short_no_overwrite() {
     let old_content = "file1 content\n";
     let new_content = "file2 content\n";
 
-    at.write(old, old_content);
-
-    sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    let mut f = at.make_file(old);
+    f.write_all(old_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f.set_modified(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap();
 
     at.write(new, new_content);
 
@@ -1366,24 +1414,6 @@ fn test_mv_interactive_error() {
         .is_empty());
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_mv_into_self() {
-    let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
-    let at = &scene.fixtures;
-    let dir1 = "dir1";
-    let dir2 = "dir2";
-    at.mkdir(dir1);
-    at.mkdir(dir2);
-
-    scene
-        .ucmd()
-        .arg(dir1)
-        .arg(dir2)
-        .arg(dir2)
-        .fails()
-        .stderr_contains("mv: cannot move 'dir2' to a subdirectory of itself, 'dir2/dir2'");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_mv_arg_interactive_skipped() {
     let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
@@ -1433,27 +1463,32 @@ fn test_mv_into_self_data() {
     assert!(!at.file_exists(file1));
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_mv_directory_into_subdirectory_of_itself_fails() {
+#[rstest]
+#[case(vec!["mydir"], vec!["mydir", "mydir"], "mv: cannot move 'mydir' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir'")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir"], vec!["mydir/", "mydir/"], "mv: cannot move 'mydir/' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir'")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir"], vec!["./mydir", "mydir", "mydir/"], "mv: cannot move './mydir' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir'")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir"], vec!["mydir/", "mydir/mydir_2/"], "mv: cannot move 'mydir/' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir_2/'")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir/mydir_2"], vec!["mydir", "mydir/mydir_2"], "mv: cannot move 'mydir' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir_2/mydir'\n")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir/mydir_2"], vec!["mydir/", "mydir/mydir_2/"], "mv: cannot move 'mydir/' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir_2/mydir'\n")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir", "mydir_2"], vec!["mydir/", "mydir_2/", "mydir_2/"], "mv: cannot move 'mydir_2/' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir_2/mydir_2'")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir"], vec!["mydir/", "mydir"], "mv: cannot move 'mydir/' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir'")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir"], vec!["-T", "mydir", "mydir"], "mv: 'mydir' and 'mydir' are the same file")]
+#[case(vec!["mydir"], vec!["mydir/", "mydir/../"], "mv: 'mydir/' and 'mydir/../mydir' are the same file")]
+fn test_mv_directory_self(
+    #[case] dirs: Vec<&str>,
+    #[case] args: Vec<&str>,
+    #[case] expected_error: &str,
+) {
     let scene = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
     let at = &scene.fixtures;
-    let dir1 = "mydir";
-    let dir2 = "mydir/mydir_2";
-    at.mkdir(dir1);
-    at.mkdir(dir2);
-    scene.ucmd().arg(dir1).arg(dir2).fails().stderr_contains(
-        "mv: cannot move 'mydir' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir_2/mydir'",
-    );
-
-    // check that it also errors out with /
+    for dir in dirs {
+        at.mkdir_all(dir);
+    }
     scene
         .ucmd()
-        .arg(format!("{dir1}/"))
-        .arg(dir2)
+        .args(&args)
         .fails()
-        .stderr_contains(
-            "mv: cannot move 'mydir/' to a subdirectory of itself, 'mydir/mydir_2/mydir/'",
-        );
+        .stderr_contains(expected_error);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_rm.rs b/tests/by-util/test_rm.rs
index f997688c8..b220926fe 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_rm.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_rm.rs
@@ -677,6 +677,68 @@ fn test_remove_inaccessible_dir() {
     assert!(!at.dir_exists(dir_1));
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn test_rm_current_or_parent_dir_rm4() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+
+    at.mkdir("d");
+
+    let answers = [
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd/.'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd/./'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd/./'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd/..'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd/../'",
+    ];
+    let std_err_str = ts
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("-rf")
+        .arg("d/.")
+        .arg("d/./")
+        .arg("d/.////")
+        .arg("d/..")
+        .arg("d/../")
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_move_str();
+
+    for (idx, line) in std_err_str.lines().enumerate() {
+        assert_eq!(line, answers[idx]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn test_rm_current_or_parent_dir_rm4_windows() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+
+    at.mkdir("d");
+
+    let answers = [
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd\\.'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd\\.\\'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd\\.\\'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd\\..'",
+        "rm: refusing to remove '.' or '..' directory: skipping 'd\\..\\'",
+    ];
+    let std_err_str = ts
+        .ucmd()
+        .arg("-rf")
+        .arg("d\\.")
+        .arg("d\\.\\")
+        .arg("d\\.\\\\\\\\")
+        .arg("d\\..")
+        .arg("d\\..\\")
+        .fails()
+        .stderr_move_str();
+
+    for (idx, line) in std_err_str.lines().enumerate() {
+        assert_eq!(line, answers[idx]);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 fn test_fifo_removal() {
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_seq.rs b/tests/by-util/test_seq.rs
index a8bd1fb83..96460cf5f 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_seq.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_seq.rs
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ fn test_hex_rejects_sign_after_identifier() {
         .args(&["-0x-123ABC"])
         .fails()
         .no_stdout()
-        .stderr_contains("unexpected argument '-0' found");
+        .usage_error("invalid floating point argument: '-0x-123ABC'");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-0x+123ABC"])
         .fails()
         .no_stdout()
-        .stderr_contains("unexpected argument '-0' found");
+        .usage_error("invalid floating point argument: '-0x+123ABC'");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -303,18 +303,15 @@ fn test_preserve_negative_zero_start() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-0", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n1\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n1\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-0", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n1\n2\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n1\n2\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-0", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n1\n2\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n1\n2\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -322,8 +319,7 @@ fn test_drop_negative_zero_end() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["1", "-1", "-0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("1\n0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("1\n0\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -331,8 +327,11 @@ fn test_width_scientific_notation() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "999", "1e3"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("0999\n1000\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("0999\n1000\n");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-w", "999", "1E3"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("0999\n1000\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -340,18 +339,15 @@ fn test_width_negative_zero() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n01\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n01\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n01\n02\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n01\n02\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n01\n02\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n01\n02\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -359,33 +355,27 @@ fn test_width_negative_zero_decimal_notation() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.0", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.0\n01.0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.0\n01.0\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.0", "1.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.0\n01.0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.0\n01.0\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.0", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.0", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.0", "1.0", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.0", "1.0", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.0\n01.0\n02.0\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -393,98 +383,80 @@ fn test_width_negative_zero_scientific_notation() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0e0", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n01\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n01\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0e0", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n01\n02\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n01\n02\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0e0", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0\n01\n02\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0\n01\n02\n");
 
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0e+1", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-00\n001\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-00\n001\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0e+1", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-00\n001\n002\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-00\n001\n002\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0e+1", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-00\n001\n002\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-00\n001\n002\n");
 
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e0", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.000\n01.000\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.000\n01.000\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e0", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.000\n01.000\n02.000\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.000\n01.000\n02.000\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e0", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.000\n01.000\n02.000\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.000\n01.000\n02.000\n");
 
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e-2", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.00000\n01.00000\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.00000\n01.00000\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e-2", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.00000\n01.00000\n02.00000\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.00000\n01.00000\n02.00000\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e-2", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.00000\n01.00000\n02.00000\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.00000\n01.00000\n02.00000\n");
 
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e5", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-000000\n0000001\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-000000\n0000001\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e5", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e5", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n");
 
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e5", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-000000\n0000001\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-000000\n0000001\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e5", "1", "2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.000e5", "1", "2.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-000000\n0000001\n0000002\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -492,14 +464,12 @@ fn test_width_decimal_scientific_notation_increment() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", ".1", "1e-2", ".11"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("0.10\n0.11\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("0.10\n0.11\n");
 
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", ".0", "1.500e-1", ".2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("0.0000\n0.1500\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("0.0000\n0.1500\n");
 }
 
 /// Test that trailing zeros in the start argument contribute to precision.
@@ -508,8 +478,7 @@ fn test_width_decimal_scientific_notation_trailing_zeros_start() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", ".1000", "1e-2", ".11"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("0.1000\n0.1100\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("0.1000\n0.1100\n");
 }
 
 /// Test that trailing zeros in the increment argument contribute to precision.
@@ -518,8 +487,7 @@ fn test_width_decimal_scientific_notation_trailing_zeros_increment() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "1e-1", "0.0100", ".11"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("0.1000\n0.1100\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("0.1000\n0.1100\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -527,8 +495,7 @@ fn test_width_negative_decimal_notation() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-.1", ".1", ".11"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.1\n00.0\n00.1\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.1\n00.0\n00.1\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -536,22 +503,19 @@ fn test_width_negative_scientific_notation() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-1e-3", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.001\n00.999\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.001\n00.999\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-1.e-3", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.001\n00.999\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.001\n00.999\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-1.0e-4", "1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.00010\n00.99990\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.00010\n00.99990\n");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-.1e2", "10", "100"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is(
+        .stdout_only(
             "-010
 0000
 0010
@@ -565,12 +529,11 @@ fn test_width_negative_scientific_notation() {
 0090
 0100
 ",
-        )
-        .no_stderr();
+        );
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.1e2", "10", "100"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is(
+        .stdout_only(
             "-010
 0000
 0010
@@ -584,8 +547,7 @@ fn test_width_negative_scientific_notation() {
 0090
 0100
 ",
-        )
-        .no_stderr();
+        );
 }
 
 /// Test that trailing zeros in the end argument do not contribute to width.
@@ -594,8 +556,7 @@ fn test_width_decimal_scientific_notation_trailing_zeros_end() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "1e-1", "1e-2", ".1100"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("0.10\n0.11\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("0.10\n0.11\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -603,8 +564,7 @@ fn test_width_floats() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "9.0", "10.0"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("09.0\n10.0\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("09.0\n10.0\n");
 }
 
 // TODO This is duplicated from `test_yes.rs`; refactor them.
@@ -656,11 +616,7 @@ fn test_neg_inf_width() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_ignore_leading_whitespace() {
-    new_ucmd!()
-        .arg("   1")
-        .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("1\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+    new_ucmd!().arg("   1").succeeds().stdout_only("1\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -679,8 +635,7 @@ fn test_negative_zero_int_start_float_increment() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-0", "0.1", "0.1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.0\n0.1\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.0\n0.1\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -688,7 +643,7 @@ fn test_float_precision_increment() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["999", "0.1", "1000.1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is(
+        .stdout_only(
             "999.0
 999.1
 999.2
@@ -702,8 +657,7 @@ fn test_float_precision_increment() {
 1000.0
 1000.1
 ",
-        )
-        .no_stderr();
+        );
 }
 
 /// Test for floating point precision issues.
@@ -712,8 +666,7 @@ fn test_negative_increment_decimal() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["0.1", "-0.1", "-0.2"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("0.1\n0.0\n-0.1\n-0.2\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("0.1\n0.0\n-0.1\n-0.2\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -721,8 +674,7 @@ fn test_zero_not_first() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-w", "-0.1", "0.1", "0.1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("-0.1\n00.0\n00.1\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("-0.1\n00.0\n00.1\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -730,8 +682,7 @@ fn test_rounding_end() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["1", "-1", "0.1"])
         .succeeds()
-        .stdout_is("1\n")
-        .no_stderr();
+        .stdout_only("1\n");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -759,7 +710,7 @@ fn test_format_option() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[ignore = "Need issue #6233 to be fixed"]
+#[ignore = "Need issue #2660 to be fixed"]
 fn test_auto_precision() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["1", "0x1p-1", "2"])
@@ -768,7 +719,7 @@ fn test_auto_precision() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[ignore = "Need issue #6234 to be fixed"]
+#[ignore = "Need issue #3318 to be fixed"]
 fn test_undefined() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["1e-9223372036854775808"])
@@ -777,12 +728,22 @@ fn test_undefined() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-#[ignore = "Need issue #6235 to be fixed"]
 fn test_invalid_float_point_fail_properly() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["66000e000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009223372036854775807"])
         .fails()
-        .stdout_only(""); // might need to be updated
+        .no_stdout()
+        .usage_error("invalid floating point argument: '66000e000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009223372036854775807'");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-1.1e9223372036854775807"])
+        .fails()
+        .no_stdout()
+        .usage_error("invalid floating point argument: '-1.1e9223372036854775807'");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-.1e9223372036854775807"])
+        .fails()
+        .no_stdout()
+        .usage_error("invalid floating point argument: '-.1e9223372036854775807'");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -827,3 +788,31 @@ fn test_invalid_format() {
         .no_stdout()
         .stderr_contains("format '%g%g' has too many % directives");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_scientific_zero() {
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["0e15", "1"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("0\n1\n");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["0.0e15", "1"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("0\n1\n");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["0", "1"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("0\n1\n");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-w", "0e15", "1"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("0000000000000000\n0000000000000001\n");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-w", "0.0e15", "1"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("0000000000000000\n0000000000000001\n");
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["-w", "0", "1"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("0\n1\n");
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_sort.rs b/tests/by-util/test_sort.rs
index 97bfc6a74..62aa07dae 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_sort.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_sort.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 // For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
 // file that was distributed with this source code.
 
-// spell-checker:ignore (words) ints
+// spell-checker:ignore (words) ints (linux) NOFILE
 #![allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
 
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -1084,6 +1084,31 @@ fn test_merge_batch_size() {
         .stdout_only_fixture("merge_ints_interleaved.expected");
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+fn test_merge_batch_size_with_limit() {
+    use rlimit::Resource;
+    // Currently need...
+    // 3 descriptors for stdin, stdout, stderr
+    // 2 descriptors for CTRL+C handling logic (to be reworked at some point)
+    // 2 descriptors for the input files (i.e. batch-size of 2).
+    let limit_fd = 3 + 2 + 2;
+    TestScenario::new(util_name!())
+        .ucmd()
+        .limit(Resource::NOFILE, limit_fd, limit_fd)
+        .arg("--batch-size=2")
+        .arg("-m")
+        .arg("--unique")
+        .arg("merge_ints_interleaved_1.txt")
+        .arg("merge_ints_interleaved_2.txt")
+        .arg("merge_ints_interleaved_3.txt")
+        .arg("merge_ints_interleaved_3.txt")
+        .arg("merge_ints_interleaved_2.txt")
+        .arg("merge_ints_interleaved_1.txt")
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only_fixture("merge_ints_interleaved.expected");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_sigpipe_panic() {
     let mut cmd = new_ucmd!();
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_stat.rs b/tests/by-util/test_stat.rs
index 8cb4493f0..cbd36832f 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_stat.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_stat.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ fn test_multi_files() {
 #[test]
 fn test_printf() {
     let args = [
-        "--printf=123%-# 15q\\r\\\"\\\\\\a\\b\\e\\f\\v%+020.23m\\x12\\167\\132\\112\\n",
+        "--printf=123%-# 15q\\r\\\"\\\\\\a\\b\\x1B\\f\\x0B%+020.23m\\x12\\167\\132\\112\\n",
         "/",
     ];
     let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
@@ -256,11 +256,10 @@ fn test_pipe_fifo() {
     let (at, mut ucmd) = at_and_ucmd!();
     at.mkfifo("FIFO");
     ucmd.arg("FIFO")
-        .run()
+        .succeeds()
         .no_stderr()
         .stdout_contains("fifo")
-        .stdout_contains("File: FIFO")
-        .succeeded();
+        .stdout_contains("File: FIFO");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -275,19 +274,17 @@ fn test_stdin_pipe_fifo1() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .arg("-")
         .set_stdin(std::process::Stdio::piped())
-        .run()
+        .succeeds()
         .no_stderr()
         .stdout_contains("fifo")
-        .stdout_contains("File: -")
-        .succeeded();
+        .stdout_contains("File: -");
     new_ucmd!()
         .args(&["-L", "-"])
         .set_stdin(std::process::Stdio::piped())
-        .run()
+        .succeeds()
         .no_stderr()
         .stdout_contains("fifo")
-        .stdout_contains("File: -")
-        .succeeded();
+        .stdout_contains("File: -");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -299,11 +296,10 @@ fn test_stdin_pipe_fifo2() {
     new_ucmd!()
         .arg("-")
         .set_stdin(std::process::Stdio::null())
-        .run()
+        .succeeds()
         .no_stderr()
         .stdout_contains("character special file")
-        .stdout_contains("File: -")
-        .succeeded();
+        .stdout_contains("File: -");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -339,11 +335,10 @@ fn test_stdin_redirect() {
     ts.ucmd()
         .arg("-")
         .set_stdin(std::fs::File::open(at.plus("f")).unwrap())
-        .run()
+        .succeeds()
         .no_stderr()
         .stdout_contains("regular empty file")
-        .stdout_contains("File: -")
-        .succeeded();
+        .stdout_contains("File: -");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -352,3 +347,76 @@ fn test_without_argument() {
         .fails()
         .stderr_contains("missing operand\nTry 'stat --help' for more information.");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_quoting_style_locale() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+    at.touch("'");
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .env("QUOTING_STYLE", "locale")
+        .args(&["-c", "%N", "'"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("'\\''\n");
+
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .args(&["-c", "%N", "'"])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_only("\"'\"\n");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_printf_octal_1() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let expected_stdout = vec![0x0A, 0xFF]; // Newline + byte 255
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .args(&["--printf=\\012\\377", "."])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_is_bytes(expected_stdout);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_printf_octal_2() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let expected_stdout = vec![b'.', 0x0A, b'a', 0xFF, b'b'];
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .args(&["--printf=.\\012a\\377b", "."])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_is_bytes(expected_stdout);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_printf_incomplete_hex() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .args(&["--printf=\\x", "."])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stderr_contains("warning: incomplete hex escape");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_printf_bel_etc() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+    let expected_stdout = vec![0x07, 0x08, 0x0C, 0x0A, 0x0D, 0x09]; // BEL, BS, FF, LF, CR, TAB
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .args(&["--printf=\\a\\b\\f\\n\\r\\t", "."])
+        .succeeds()
+        .stdout_is_bytes(expected_stdout);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_printf_invalid_directive() {
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .args(&["--printf=%9", "."])
+        .fails()
+        .code_is(1)
+        .stderr_contains("'%9': invalid directive");
+
+    ts.ucmd()
+        .args(&["--printf=%9%", "."])
+        .fails()
+        .code_is(1)
+        .stderr_contains("'%9%': invalid directive");
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_tail.rs b/tests/by-util/test_tail.rs
index 4c7c52c7c..885e50ad3 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_tail.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_tail.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore (ToDO) abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz vwxyz emptyfile file siette ocho nueve diez MULT
 // spell-checker:ignore (libs) kqueue
 // spell-checker:ignore (jargon) tailable untailable datasame runneradmin tmpi
+// spell-checker:ignore (cmd) taskkill
 #![allow(
     clippy::unicode_not_nfc,
     clippy::cast_lossless,
@@ -4822,3 +4823,61 @@ fn test_obsolete_encoding_windows() {
         .stderr_is("tail: bad argument encoding: '-�b'\n")
         .code_is(1);
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(target_vendor = "apple"))] // FIXME: for currently not working platforms
+fn test_following_with_pid() {
+    use std::process::Command;
+
+    let ts = TestScenario::new(util_name!());
+
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    let mut sleep_command = Command::new("sleep")
+        .arg("999d")
+        .spawn()
+        .expect("failed to start sleep command");
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    let mut sleep_command = Command::new("powershell")
+        .arg("-Command")
+        .arg("Start-Sleep -Seconds 999")
+        .spawn()
+        .expect("failed to start sleep command");
+
+    let sleep_pid = sleep_command.id();
+
+    let at = &ts.fixtures;
+    at.touch("f");
+    // when -f is specified, tail should die after
+    // the pid from --pid also dies
+    let mut child = ts
+        .ucmd()
+        .args(&[
+            "--pid",
+            &sleep_pid.to_string(),
+            "-f",
+            at.plus("f").to_str().unwrap(),
+        ])
+        .stderr_to_stdout()
+        .run_no_wait();
+    child.make_assertion_with_delay(2000).is_alive();
+
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    Command::new("kill")
+        .arg("-9")
+        .arg(sleep_pid.to_string())
+        .output()
+        .expect("failed to kill sleep command");
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    Command::new("taskkill")
+        .arg("/PID")
+        .arg(sleep_pid.to_string())
+        .arg("/F")
+        .output()
+        .expect("failed to kill sleep command");
+
+    let _ = sleep_command.wait();
+
+    child.make_assertion_with_delay(2000).is_not_alive();
+
+    child.kill();
+}
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_tee.rs b/tests/by-util/test_tee.rs
index c32759ed4..4f2437ace 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_tee.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_tee.rs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ mod linux_only {
 
         let mut fds: [c_int; 2] = [0, 0];
         assert!(
-            (unsafe { libc::pipe(&mut fds as *mut c_int) } == 0),
+            (unsafe { libc::pipe(std::ptr::from_mut::<c_int>(&mut fds[0])) } == 0),
             "Failed to create pipe"
         );
 
diff --git a/tests/by-util/test_tr.rs b/tests/by-util/test_tr.rs
index ebd7635e4..cd99f1c3a 100644
--- a/tests/by-util/test_tr.rs
+++ b/tests/by-util/test_tr.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,23 @@ fn test_invalid_arg() {
     new_ucmd!().arg("--definitely-invalid").fails().code_is(1);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_invalid_input() {
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["1", "1", "<", "."])
+        .fails()
+        .code_is(1)
+        .stderr_contains("tr: extra operand '<'");
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    new_ucmd!()
+        .args(&["1", "1"])
+        // will test "tr 1 1 < ."
+        .set_stdin(std::process::Stdio::from(std::fs::File::open(".").unwrap()))
+        .fails()
+        .code_is(1)
+        .stderr_contains("tr: read error: Is a directory");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_to_upper() {
     new_ucmd!()
@@ -1494,9 +1511,7 @@ fn test_multibyte_octal_sequence() {
         .args(&["-d", r"\501"])
         .pipe_in("(1Ł)")
         .succeeds()
-        // TODO
-        // A warning needs to be printed here
-        // See https://github.com/uutils/coreutils/issues/6821
+        .stderr_is("tr: warning: the ambiguous octal escape \\501 is being\n        interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \\050, 1\n")
         .stdout_is("Ł)");
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/common/util.rs b/tests/common/util.rs
index 87c937492..844618def 100644
--- a/tests/common/util.rs
+++ b/tests/common/util.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub fn is_ci() -> bool {
 }
 
 /// Read a test scenario fixture, returning its bytes
-fn read_scenario_fixture<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(tmpd: &Option<Rc<TempDir>>, file_rel_path: S) -> Vec<u8> {
+fn read_scenario_fixture<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(tmpd: Option<&Rc<TempDir>>, file_rel_path: S) -> Vec<u8> {
     let tmpdir_path = tmpd.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref().path();
     AtPath::new(tmpdir_path).read_bytes(file_rel_path.as_ref().to_str().unwrap())
 }
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ impl CmdResult {
     /// like `stdout_is()`, but expects the contents of the file at the provided relative path
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn stdout_is_fixture<T: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, file_rel_path: T) -> &Self {
-        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(&self.tmpd, file_rel_path);
+        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(self.tmpd.as_ref(), file_rel_path);
         self.stdout_is(String::from_utf8(contents).unwrap())
     }
 
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ impl CmdResult {
     /// ```
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn stdout_is_fixture_bytes<T: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, file_rel_path: T) -> &Self {
-        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(&self.tmpd, file_rel_path);
+        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(self.tmpd.as_ref(), file_rel_path);
         self.stdout_is_bytes(contents)
     }
 
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ impl CmdResult {
         template_vars: &[(&str, &str)],
     ) -> &Self {
         let mut contents =
-            String::from_utf8(read_scenario_fixture(&self.tmpd, file_rel_path)).unwrap();
+            String::from_utf8(read_scenario_fixture(self.tmpd.as_ref(), file_rel_path)).unwrap();
         for kv in template_vars {
             contents = contents.replace(kv.0, kv.1);
         }
@@ -566,7 +566,8 @@ impl CmdResult {
         file_rel_path: T,
         template_vars: &[Vec<(String, String)>],
     ) {
-        let contents = String::from_utf8(read_scenario_fixture(&self.tmpd, file_rel_path)).unwrap();
+        let contents =
+            String::from_utf8(read_scenario_fixture(self.tmpd.as_ref(), file_rel_path)).unwrap();
         let possible_values = template_vars.iter().map(|vars| {
             let mut contents = contents.clone();
             for kv in vars {
@@ -604,7 +605,7 @@ impl CmdResult {
     /// Like `stdout_is_fixture`, but for stderr
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn stderr_is_fixture<T: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, file_rel_path: T) -> &Self {
-        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(&self.tmpd, file_rel_path);
+        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(self.tmpd.as_ref(), file_rel_path);
         self.stderr_is(String::from_utf8(contents).unwrap())
     }
 
@@ -629,7 +630,7 @@ impl CmdResult {
     /// like `stdout_only()`, but expects the contents of the file at the provided relative path
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn stdout_only_fixture<T: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, file_rel_path: T) -> &Self {
-        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(&self.tmpd, file_rel_path);
+        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(self.tmpd.as_ref(), file_rel_path);
         self.stdout_only_bytes(contents)
     }
 
@@ -1384,7 +1385,7 @@ impl UCommand {
 
     /// like `pipe_in()`, but uses the contents of the file at the provided relative path as the piped in data
     pub fn pipe_in_fixture<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&mut self, file_rel_path: S) -> &mut Self {
-        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(&self.tmpd, file_rel_path);
+        let contents = read_scenario_fixture(self.tmpd.as_ref(), file_rel_path);
         self.pipe_in(contents)
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/dircolors/internal.expected b/tests/fixtures/dircolors/internal.expected
index e151973f2..feea46455 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/dircolors/internal.expected
+++ b/tests/fixtures/dircolors/internal.expected
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 # restrict following config to systems with matching environment variables.
 COLORTERM ?*
 TERM Eterm
+TERM alacritty*
 TERM ansi
 TERM *color*
 TERM con[0-9]*x[0-9]*
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ TERM console
 TERM cygwin
 TERM *direct*
 TERM dtterm
+TERM foot
 TERM gnome
 TERM hurd
 TERM jfbterm
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_closed_range.expected.debug b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_closed_range.expected.debug
index b78db4af1..e317d4079 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_closed_range.expected.debug
+++ b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_closed_range.expected.debug
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ ________
    _
 ________
 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬
-     __
-______________
+   __
+________
 💣💣 💣💣 💣💣
      __
 ______________
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_multiple_ranges.expected.debug b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_multiple_ranges.expected.debug
index 830e9afd0..41b7e210d 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_multiple_ranges.expected.debug
+++ b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_multiple_ranges.expected.debug
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ ________
      ___
 ________
 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬
-    _____
-         _____
-______________
+  ___
+     ___
+________
 💣💣 💣💣 💣💣
     _____
          _____
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_no_field_match.expected.debug b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_no_field_match.expected.debug
index 60197b1de..0a3ea8303 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_no_field_match.expected.debug
+++ b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_no_field_match.expected.debug
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ ________
         ^ no match for key
 ________
 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬
-              ^ no match for key
-______________
+        ^ no match for key
+________
 💣💣 💣💣 💣💣
               ^ no match for key
 ______________
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_open_ended.expected.debug b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_open_ended.expected.debug
index d3a56ffd6..c8e4ad9ae 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_open_ended.expected.debug
+++ b/tests/fixtures/sort/keys_open_ended.expected.debug
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ ________
     ____
 ________
 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬 👩‍🔬
-       _______
-______________
+     _____
+________
 💣💣 💣💣 💣💣
        _______
 ______________
diff --git a/util/build-gnu.sh b/util/build-gnu.sh
index 684187733..16868af4d 100755
--- a/util/build-gnu.sh
+++ b/util/build-gnu.sh
@@ -204,6 +204,9 @@ sed -i "s|cp: target directory 'symlink': Permission denied|cp: 'symlink' is not
 # Our message is a bit better
 sed -i "s|cannot create regular file 'no-such/': Not a directory|'no-such/' is not a directory|" tests/mv/trailing-slash.sh
 
+# Our message is better
+sed -i "s|warning: unrecognized escape|warning: incomplete hex escape|" tests/stat/stat-printf.pl
+
 sed -i 's|cp |/usr/bin/cp |' tests/mv/hard-2.sh
 sed -i 's|paste |/usr/bin/paste |' tests/od/od-endian.sh
 sed -i 's|timeout |'"${SYSTEM_TIMEOUT}"' |' tests/tail/follow-stdin.sh
@@ -264,7 +267,7 @@ sed -i "s/\(\(b2[ml]_[69]\|b32h_[56]\|z85_8\|z85_35\).*OUT=>\)[^}]*\(.*\)/\1\"\"
 sed -i "s/\$prog: invalid input/\$prog: error: invalid input/g" tests/basenc/basenc.pl
 
 # basenc: swap out error message for unexpected arg
-sed -i "s/  {ERR=>\"\$prog: foobar\\\\n\" \. \$try_help }/  {ERR=>\"error: Found argument '--foobar' which wasn't expected, or isn't valid in this context\n\n  If you tried to supply '--foobar' as a value rather than a flag, use '-- --foobar'\n\nUsage: basenc [OPTION]... [FILE]\n\nFor more information try '--help'\n\"}]/" tests/basenc/basenc.pl
+sed -i "s/  {ERR=>\"\$prog: foobar\\\\n\" \. \$try_help }/  {ERR=>\"error: unexpected argument '--foobar' found\n\n  tip: to pass '--foobar' as a value, use '-- --foobar'\n\nUsage: basenc [OPTION]... [FILE]\n\nFor more information, try '--help'.\n\"}]/" tests/basenc/basenc.pl
 sed -i "s/  {ERR_SUBST=>\"s\/(unrecognized|unknown) option \[-' \]\*foobar\[' \]\*\/foobar\/\"}],//" tests/basenc/basenc.pl
 
 # Remove the check whether a util was built. Otherwise tests against utils like "arch" are not run.
@@ -311,7 +314,7 @@ sed -i -e "s|mv: cannot overwrite 'a/t': Directory not empty|mv: cannot move 'b/
 # disable these test cases
 sed -i -E "s|^([^#]*2_31.*)$|#\1|g" tests/printf/printf-cov.pl
 
-sed -i -e "s/du: invalid -t argument/du: invalid --threshold argument/" -e "s/du: option requires an argument/error: a value is required for '--threshold <SIZE>' but none was supplied/" -e "/Try 'du --help' for more information./d" tests/du/threshold.sh
+sed -i -e "s/du: invalid -t argument/du: invalid --threshold argument/" -e "s/du: option requires an argument/error: a value is required for '--threshold <SIZE>' but none was supplied/" -e "s/Try 'du --help' for more information./\nFor more information, try '--help'./" tests/du/threshold.sh
 
 # Remove the extra output check
 sed -i -e "s|Try '\$prog --help' for more information.\\\n||" tests/du/files0-from.pl
diff --git a/util/gnu-patches/tests_comm.pl.patch b/util/gnu-patches/tests_comm.pl.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3d5595a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/gnu-patches/tests_comm.pl.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+diff --git a/tests/misc/comm.pl b/tests/misc/comm.pl
+index 5bd5f56d7..8322d92ba 100755
+--- a/tests/misc/comm.pl
++++ b/tests/misc/comm.pl
+@@ -73,18 +73,24 @@ my @Tests =
+ 
+    # invalid missing command line argument (1)
+    ['missing-arg1', $inputs[0], {EXIT=>1},
+-    {ERR => "$prog: missing operand after 'a'\n"
+-        . "Try '$prog --help' for more information.\n"}],
++    {ERR => "error: the following required arguments were not provided:\n"
++        . "  <FILE2>\n\n"
++        . "Usage: $prog [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2\n\n"
++        . "For more information, try '--help'.\n"}],
+ 
+    # invalid missing command line argument (both)
+    ['missing-arg2', {EXIT=>1},
+-    {ERR => "$prog: missing operand\n"
+-        . "Try '$prog --help' for more information.\n"}],
++    {ERR => "error: the following required arguments were not provided:\n"
++        . "  <FILE1>\n"
++        . "  <FILE2>\n\n"
++        . "Usage: $prog [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2\n\n"
++        . "For more information, try '--help'.\n"}],
+ 
+    # invalid extra command line argument
+    ['extra-arg', @inputs, 'no-such', {EXIT=>1},
+-    {ERR => "$prog: extra operand 'no-such'\n"
+-        . "Try '$prog --help' for more information.\n"}],
++    {ERR => "error: unexpected argument 'no-such' found\n\n"
++        . "Usage: $prog [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2\n\n"
++        . "For more information, try '--help'.\n"}],
+ 
+    # out-of-order input
+    ['ooo', {IN=>{a=>"1\n3"}}, {IN=>{b=>"3\n2"}}, {EXIT=>1},
+@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ my @Tests =
+ 
+    # invalid dual delimiter
+    ['delim-dual', '--output-delimiter=,', '--output-delimiter=+', @inputs,
+-    {EXIT=>1}, {ERR => "$prog: multiple output delimiters specified\n"}],
++    {EXIT=>1}, {ERR => "$prog: multiple conflicting output delimiters specified\n"}],
+ 
+    # valid dual delimiter specification
+    ['delim-dual2', '--output-delimiter=,', '--output-delimiter=,', @inputs,
diff --git a/util/gnu-patches/tests_cut_error_msg.patch b/util/gnu-patches/tests_cut_error_msg.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f57d2048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/gnu-patches/tests_cut_error_msg.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+diff --git a/tests/cut/cut.pl b/tests/cut/cut.pl
+index 1670db02e..ed633792a 100755
+--- a/tests/cut/cut.pl
++++ b/tests/cut/cut.pl
+@@ -29,13 +29,15 @@ my $mb_locale = $ENV{LOCALE_FR_UTF8};
+ 
+ my $prog = 'cut';
+ my $try = "Try '$prog --help' for more information.\n";
+-my $from_field1 = "$prog: fields are numbered from 1\n$try";
+-my $from_pos1 =   "$prog: byte/character positions are numbered from 1\n$try";
+-my $inval_fld = "$prog: invalid field range\n$try";
+-my $inval_pos = "$prog: invalid byte or character range\n$try";
+-my $no_endpoint = "$prog: invalid range with no endpoint: -\n$try";
+-my $nofield = "$prog: an input delimiter may be specified only when " .
+-              "operating on fields\n$try";
++my $from_field1 = "$prog: range '' was invalid: failed to parse range\n";
++my $from_field_0 = "$prog: range '0' was invalid: fields and positions are numbered from 1\n";
++my $from_field_0_dash = "$prog: range '0-' was invalid: fields and positions are numbered from 1\n";
++my $from_field_0_2 = "$prog: range '0-2' was invalid: fields and positions are numbered from 1\n";
++my $from_pos1 =   "$prog: range '' was invalid: failed to parse range\n";
++my $inval_fld = "$prog: range '--' was invalid: failed to parse range\n";
++my $inval_pos = "$prog: range '--' was invalid: failed to parse range\n";
++my $no_endpoint = "$prog: range '-' was invalid: invalid range with no endpoint\n";
++my $nofield = "$prog: invalid input: The '--delimiter' ('-d') option only usable if printing a sequence of fields\n";
+ 
+ my @Tests =
+  (
+@@ -44,16 +46,16 @@ my @Tests =
+ 
+   # This failed (as it should) even before coreutils-6.9.90,
+   # but cut from 6.9.90 produces a more useful diagnostic.
+-  ['zero-1', '-b0',   {ERR=>$from_pos1}, {EXIT => 1} ],
++  ['zero-1', '-b0',   {ERR=>$from_field_0}, {EXIT => 1} ],
+ 
+   # Up to coreutils-6.9, specifying a range of 0-2 was not an error.
+   # It was treated just like "-2".
+-  ['zero-2', '-f0-2', {ERR=>$from_field1}, {EXIT => 1} ],
++  ['zero-2', '-f0-2', {ERR=>$from_field_0_2}, {EXIT => 1} ],
+ 
+   # Up to coreutils-8.20, specifying a range of 0- was not an error.
+-  ['zero-3b', '-b0-', {ERR=>$from_pos1}, {EXIT => 1} ],
+-  ['zero-3c', '-c0-', {ERR=>$from_pos1}, {EXIT => 1} ],
+-  ['zero-3f', '-f0-', {ERR=>$from_field1}, {EXIT => 1} ],
++  ['zero-3b', '-b0-', {ERR=>$from_field_0_dash}, {EXIT => 1} ],
++  ['zero-3c', '-c0-', {ERR=>$from_field_0_dash}, {EXIT => 1} ],
++  ['zero-3f', '-f0-', {ERR=>$from_field_0_dash}, {EXIT => 1} ],
+ 
+   ['1', '-d:', '-f1,3-', {IN=>"a:b:c\n"}, {OUT=>"a:c\n"}],
+   ['2', '-d:', '-f1,3-', {IN=>"a:b:c\n"}, {OUT=>"a:c\n"}],
+@@ -96,11 +98,10 @@ my @Tests =
+   # Errors
+   # -s may be used only with -f
+   ['y', qw(-s -b4), {IN=>":\n"}, {OUT=>""}, {EXIT=>1},
+-   {ERR=>"$prog: suppressing non-delimited lines makes sense\n"
+-    . "\tonly when operating on fields\n$try"}],
++   {ERR=>"$prog: invalid input: The '--only-delimited' ('-s') option only usable if printing a sequence of fields\n"}],
+   # You must specify bytes or fields (or chars)
+   ['z', '', {IN=>":\n"}, {OUT=>""}, {EXIT=>1},
+-   {ERR=>"$prog: you must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fields\n$try"}
++   {ERR=>"$prog: invalid usage: expects one of --fields (-f), --chars (-c) or --bytes (-b)\n"}
+   ],
+   # Empty field list
+   ['empty-fl', qw(-f ''), {IN=>":\n"}, {OUT=>""}, {EXIT=>1},
+@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ my @Tests =
+ 
+   # None of the following invalid ranges provoked an error up to coreutils-6.9.
+   ['inval1', qw(-f 2-0), {IN=>''}, {OUT=>''}, {EXIT=>1},
+-   {ERR=>"$prog: invalid decreasing range\n$try"}],
++   {ERR=>"$prog: range '2-0' was invalid: fields and positions are numbered from 1\n"}],
+   ['inval2', qw(-f -), {IN=>''}, {OUT=>''}, {EXIT=>1}, {ERR=>$no_endpoint}],
+   ['inval3', '-f', '4,-', {IN=>''}, {OUT=>''}, {EXIT=>1}, {ERR=>$no_endpoint}],
+   ['inval4', '-f', '1-2,-', {IN=>''}, {OUT=>''}, {EXIT=>1},
diff --git a/util/gnu-patches/tests_dup_source.patch b/util/gnu-patches/tests_dup_source.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44e33723b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/gnu-patches/tests_dup_source.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+diff --git a/tests/mv/dup-source.sh b/tests/mv/dup-source.sh
+index 7bcd82fc3..0f9005296 100755
+--- a/tests/mv/dup-source.sh
++++ b/tests/mv/dup-source.sh
+@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ $i: cannot stat 'a': No such file or directory
+ $i: cannot stat 'a': No such file or directory
+ $i: cannot stat 'b': No such file or directory
+ $i: cannot move './b' to a subdirectory of itself, 'b/b'
+-$i: warning: source directory 'b' specified more than once
++$i: cannot move 'b' to a subdirectory of itself, 'b/b'
+ EOF
+   compare exp out || fail=1
+ done
diff --git a/util/gnu-patches/tests_factor_factor.pl.patch b/util/gnu-patches/tests_factor_factor.pl.patch
index fc8b988fe..731abcc91 100644
--- a/util/gnu-patches/tests_factor_factor.pl.patch
+++ b/util/gnu-patches/tests_factor_factor.pl.patch
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 diff --git a/tests/factor/factor.pl b/tests/factor/factor.pl
-index 6e612e418..f19c06ca0 100755
+index b1406c266..3d97cd6a5 100755
 --- a/tests/factor/factor.pl
 +++ b/tests/factor/factor.pl
-@@ -61,12 +61,13 @@ my @Tests =
+@@ -61,12 +61,14 @@ my @Tests =
        # Map newer glibc diagnostic to expected.
        # Also map OpenBSD 5.1's "unknown option" to expected "invalid option".
        {ERR_SUBST => q!s/'1'/1/;s/unknown/invalid/!},
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ index 6e612e418..f19c06ca0 100755
 -       . "Try '$prog --help' for more information.\n"},
 +      {ERR => "error: unexpected argument '-1' found\n\n"
 +        . "  tip: to pass '-1' as a value, use '-- -1'\n\n"
-+        . "Usage: factor [OPTION]... [NUMBER]...\n"},
++        . "Usage: factor [OPTION]... [NUMBER]...\n\n"
++        . "For more information, try '--help'.\n"},
        {EXIT => 1}],
       ['cont', 'a 4',
        {OUT => "4: 2 2\n"},
diff --git a/util/gnu-patches/tests_ls_no_cap.patch b/util/gnu-patches/tests_ls_no_cap.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5944e3f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/gnu-patches/tests_ls_no_cap.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+diff --git a/tests/ls/no-cap.sh b/tests/ls/no-cap.sh
+index 3d84c74ff..d1f60e70a 100755
+--- a/tests/ls/no-cap.sh
++++ b/tests/ls/no-cap.sh
+@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ print_ver_ ls
+ require_strace_ capget
+ 
+ LS_COLORS=ca=1; export LS_COLORS
+-strace -e capget ls --color=always > /dev/null 2> out || fail=1
+-$EGREP 'capget\(' out || skip_ "your ls doesn't call capget"
++strace -e llistxattr ls --color=always > /dev/null 2> out || fail=1
++$EGREP 'llistxattr\(' out || skip_ "your ls doesn't call llistxattr"
+ 
+ rm -f out
+ 
+ LS_COLORS=ca=:; export LS_COLORS
+-strace -e capget ls --color=always > /dev/null 2> out || fail=1
+-$EGREP 'capget\(' out && fail=1
++strace -e llistxattr ls --color=always > /dev/null 2> out || fail=1
++$EGREP 'llistxattr\(' out && fail=1
+ 
+ Exit $fail