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l10n: remove the old md files

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Sylvestre Ledru 2025-05-31 18:17:57 +02:00
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14
src/uu/base32/base32.md
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# base32
```
base32 [OPTION]... [FILE]
```
encode/decode data and print to standard output
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
The data are encoded as described for the base32 alphabet in RFC 4648.
When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition
to the bytes of the formal base32 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage
to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the
encoded stream.

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src/uu/base64/base64.md
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# base64
```
base64 [OPTION]... [FILE]
```
encode/decode data and print to standard output
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548.
When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition
to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage
to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the
encoded stream.

9
src/uu/basename/basename.md
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# basename
```
basename [-z] NAME [SUFFIX]
basename OPTION... NAME...
```
Print NAME with any leading directory components removed
If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX

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src/uu/basenc/basenc.md
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# basenc
```
basenc [OPTION]... [FILE]
```
Encode/decode data and print to standard output
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of
the formal alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover
from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream.

8
src/uu/cat/cat.md
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# cat
```
cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

11
src/uu/chcon/chcon.md
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<!-- spell-checker:ignore (vars) RFILE -->
# chcon
```
chcon [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE...
chcon [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE...
chcon [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
```
Change the SELinux security context of each FILE to CONTEXT.
With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE.

10
src/uu/chgrp/chgrp.md
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<!-- spell-checker:ignore (vars) RFILE -->
# chgrp
```
chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
chgrp [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
```
Change the group of each FILE to GROUP.

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src/uu/chmod/chmod.md
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<!-- spell-checker:ignore RFILE ugoa -->
# chmod
```
chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
```
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.
With --reference, change the mode of each FILE to that of RFILE.
## After Help
Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+|[-+=]?[0-7]+`.

9
src/uu/chown/chown.md
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<!-- spell-checker:ignore RFILE -->
# chown
```
chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
```
Change file owner and group

8
src/uu/chroot/chroot.md
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<!-- spell-checker:ignore NEWROOT -->
# chroot
```
chroot [OPTION]... NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...]
```
Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.

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src/uu/cksum/cksum.md
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# cksum
```
cksum [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
```
Print CRC and size for each file
## After Help
DIGEST determines the digest algorithm and default output format:
- `sysv`: (equivalent to sum -s)
- `bsd`: (equivalent to sum -r)
- `crc`: (equivalent to cksum)
- `crc32b`: (only available through cksum)
- `md5`: (equivalent to md5sum)
- `sha1`: (equivalent to sha1sum)
- `sha224`: (equivalent to sha224sum)
- `sha256`: (equivalent to sha256sum)
- `sha384`: (equivalent to sha384sum)
- `sha512`: (equivalent to sha512sum)
- `blake2b`: (equivalent to b2sum)
- `sm3`: (only available through cksum)

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src/uu/comm/comm.md
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# comm
```
comm [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2
```
Compare two sorted files line by line.
When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input.
With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains
lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2,
and column three contains lines common to both files.

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src/uu/cp/cp.md
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# cp
```
cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
```
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
## After Help
Do not copy a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification timestamp;
instead, silently skip the file without failing. If timestamps are being preserved, the comparison is to the
source timestamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used to
update timestamps; this avoids duplicate work if several `cp -pu` commands are executed with the same source
and destination. This option is ignored if the `-n` or `--no-clobber` option is also specified. Also, if
`--preserve=links` is also specified (like with `cp -au` for example), that will take precedence; consequently,
depending on the order that files are processed from the source, newer files in the destination may be replaced,
to mirror hard links in the source. which gives more control over which existing files in the destination are
replaced, and its value can be one of the following:
* `all` This is the default operation when an `--update` option is not specified, and results in all existing files in the destination being replaced.
* `none` This is similar to the `--no-clobber` option, in that no files in the destination are replaced, but also skipping a file does not induce a failure.
* `older` This is the default operation when `--update` is specified, and results in files being replaced if they’re older than the corresponding source file.

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# csplit
```
csplit [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN...
```
Split a file into sections determined by context lines
## After Help
Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files 'xx00', 'xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output.

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src/uu/cut/cut.md
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# cut
<!-- spell-checker:ignore sourcefile sourcefiles -->
```
cut OPTION... [FILE]...
```
Prints specified byte or field columns from each line of stdin or the input files
## After Help
Each call must specify a mode (what to use for columns),
a sequence (which columns to print), and provide a data source
### Specifying a mode
Use `--bytes` (`-b`) or `--characters` (`-c`) to specify byte mode
Use `--fields` (`-f`) to specify field mode, where each line is broken into
fields identified by a delimiter character. For example for a typical CSV
you could use this in combination with setting comma as the delimiter
### Specifying a sequence
A sequence is a group of 1 or more numbers or inclusive ranges separated
by a commas.
```
cut -f 2,5-7 some_file.txt
```
will display the 2nd, 5th, 6th, and 7th field for each source line
Ranges can extend to the end of the row by excluding the second number
```
cut -f 3- some_file.txt
```
will display the 3rd field and all fields after for each source line
The first number of a range can be excluded, and this is effectively the
same as using 1 as the first number: it causes the range to begin at the
first column. Ranges can also display a single column
```
cut -f 1,3-5 some_file.txt
```
will display the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th field for each source line
The `--complement` option, when used, inverts the effect of the sequence
```
cut --complement -f 4-6 some_file.txt
```
will display the every field but the 4th, 5th, and 6th
### Specifying a data source
If no `sourcefile` arguments are specified, stdin is used as the source of
lines to print
If `sourcefile` arguments are specified, stdin is ignored and all files are
read in consecutively if a `sourcefile` is not successfully read, a warning
will print to stderr, and the eventual status code will be 1, but cut
will continue to read through proceeding `sourcefiles`
To print columns from both STDIN and a file argument, use `-` (dash) as a
`sourcefile` argument to represent stdin.
### Field Mode options
The fields in each line are identified by a delimiter (separator)
#### Set the delimiter
Set the delimiter which separates fields in the file using the
`--delimiter` (`-d`) option. Setting the delimiter is optional.
If not set, a default delimiter of Tab will be used.
If the `-w` option is provided, fields will be separated by any number
of whitespace characters (Space and Tab). The output delimiter will
be a Tab unless explicitly specified. Only one of `-d` or `-w` option can be specified.
This is an extension adopted from FreeBSD.
#### Optionally Filter based on delimiter
If the `--only-delimited` (`-s`) flag is provided, only lines which
contain the delimiter will be printed
#### Replace the delimiter
If the `--output-delimiter` option is provided, the argument used for
it will replace the delimiter character in each line printed. This is
useful for transforming tabular data - e.g. to convert a CSV to a
TSV (tab-separated file)
### Line endings
When the `--zero-terminated` (`-z`) option is used, cut sees \\0 (null) as the
'line ending' character (both for the purposes of reading lines and
separating printed lines) instead of \\n (newline). This is useful for
tabular data where some of the cells may contain newlines
```
echo 'ab\\0cd' | cut -z -c 1
```
will result in 'a\\0c\\0'

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# `date` usage
<!-- spell-checker:ignore (format) hhmm -->
FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
| Sequence | Description | Example |
| -------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- |
| %% | a literal % | % |
| %a | locale's abbreviated weekday name | Sun |
| %A | locale's full weekday name | Sunday |
| %b | locale's abbreviated month name | Jan |
| %B | locale's full month name | January |
| %c | locale's date and time | Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005|
| %C | century; like %Y, except omit last two digits | 20 |
| %d | day of month | 01 |
| %D | date; same as %m/%d/%y | 12/31/99 |
| %e | day of month, space padded; same as %_d | 3 |
| %F | full date; same as %Y-%m-%d | 2005-03-03 |
| %g | last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) | 05 |
| %G | year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V | 2005 |
| %h | same as %b | Jan |
| %H | hour (00..23) | 23 |
| %I | hour (01..12) | 11 |
| %j | day of year (001..366) | 062 |
| %k | hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H | 3 |
| %l | hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I | 9 |
| %m | month (01..12) | 03 |
| %M | minute (00..59) | 30 |
| %n | a newline | \n |
| %N | nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) | 123456789 |
| %p | locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known | PM |
| %P | like %p, but lower case | pm |
| %q | quarter of year (1..4) | 1 |
| %r | locale's 12-hour clock time | 11:11:04 PM |
| %R | 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M | 23:30 |
| %s | seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC | 1615432800 |
| %S | second (00..60) | 30 |
| %t | a tab | \t |
| %T | time; same as %H:%M:%S | 23:30:30 |
| %u | day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday | 4 |
| %U | week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) | 10 |
| %V | ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) | 12 |
| %w | day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday | 4 |
| %W | week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) | 11 |
| %x | locale's date representation | 03/03/2005 |
| %X | locale's time representation | 23:30:30 |
| %y | last two digits of year (00..99) | 05 |
| %Y | year | 2005 |
| %z | +hhmm numeric time zone | -0400 |
| %:z | +hh:mm numeric time zone | -04:00 |
| %::z | +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone | -04:00:00 |
| %:::z | numeric time zone with : to necessary precision | -04, +05:30 |
| %Z | alphabetic time zone abbreviation | EDT |
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
The following optional flags may follow '%':
* `-` (hyphen) do not pad the field
* `_` (underscore) pad with spaces
* `0` (zero) pad with zeros
* `^` use upper case if possible
* `#` use opposite case if possible
After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
then an optional modifier, which is either
E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or
O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.
Examples:
Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date
```
date --date='@2147483647'
```
Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ)
```
TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date
```

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<!-- spell-checker:ignore Dhhmm -->
# date
```
date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]...
date [OPTION]... [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
```
Print or set the system date and time

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src/uu/dd/dd.md
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# dd
<!-- spell-checker:ignore convs iseek oseek -->
```
dd [OPERAND]...
dd OPTION
```
Copy, and optionally convert, a file system resource
## After Help
### Operands
- `bs=BYTES` : read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512);
overwrites `ibs` and `obs`.
- `cbs=BYTES` : the 'conversion block size' in bytes. Applies to the
`conv=block`, and `conv=unblock` operations.
- `conv=CONVS` : a comma-separated list of conversion options or (for legacy
reasons) file flags.
- `count=N` : stop reading input after N ibs-sized read operations rather
than proceeding until EOF. See `iflag=count_bytes` if stopping after N bytes
is preferred
- `ibs=N` : the size of buffer used for reads (default: 512)
- `if=FILE` : the file used for input. When not specified, stdin is used instead
- `iflag=FLAGS` : a comma-separated list of input flags which specify how the
input source is treated. FLAGS may be any of the input-flags or general-flags
specified below.
- `skip=N` (or `iseek=N`) : skip N ibs-sized records into input before beginning
copy/convert operations. See iflag=seek_bytes if seeking N bytes is preferred.
- `obs=N` : the size of buffer used for writes (default: 512)
- `of=FILE` : the file used for output. When not specified, stdout is used
instead
- `oflag=FLAGS` : comma separated list of output flags which specify how the
output source is treated. FLAGS may be any of the output flags or general
flags specified below
- `seek=N` (or `oseek=N`) : seeks N obs-sized records into output before
beginning copy/convert operations. See oflag=seek_bytes if seeking N bytes is
preferred
- `status=LEVEL` : controls whether volume and performance stats are written to
stderr.
When unspecified, dd will print stats upon completion. An example is below.
```plain
6+0 records in
16+0 records out
8192 bytes (8.2 kB, 8.0 KiB) copied, 0.00057009 s,
14.4 MB/s
```
The first two lines are the 'volume' stats and the final line is the
'performance' stats.
The volume stats indicate the number of complete and partial ibs-sized reads,
or obs-sized writes that took place during the copy. The format of the volume
stats is `<complete>+<partial>`. If records have been truncated (see
`conv=block`), the volume stats will contain the number of truncated records.
Possible LEVEL values are:
- `progress` : Print periodic performance stats as the copy proceeds.
- `noxfer` : Print final volume stats, but not performance stats.
- `none` : Do not print any stats.
Printing performance stats is also triggered by the INFO signal (where supported),
or the USR1 signal. Setting the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable to any value
(including an empty value) will cause the USR1 signal to be ignored.
### Conversion Options
- `ascii` : convert from EBCDIC to ASCII. This is the inverse of the `ebcdic`
option. Implies `conv=unblock`.
- `ebcdic` : convert from ASCII to EBCDIC. This is the inverse of the `ascii`
option. Implies `conv=block`.
- `ibm` : convert from ASCII to EBCDIC, applying the conventions for `[`, `]`
and `~` specified in POSIX. Implies `conv=block`.
- `ucase` : convert from lower-case to upper-case.
- `lcase` : converts from upper-case to lower-case.
- `block` : for each newline less than the size indicated by cbs=BYTES, remove
the newline and pad with spaces up to cbs. Lines longer than cbs are truncated.
- `unblock` : for each block of input of the size indicated by cbs=BYTES, remove
right-trailing spaces and replace with a newline character.
- `sparse` : attempts to seek the output when an obs-sized block consists of
only zeros.
- `swab` : swaps each adjacent pair of bytes. If an odd number of bytes is
present, the final byte is omitted.
- `sync` : pad each ibs-sided block with zeros. If `block` or `unblock` is
specified, pad with spaces instead.
- `excl` : the output file must be created. Fail if the output file is already
present.
- `nocreat` : the output file will not be created. Fail if the output file in
not already present.
- `notrunc` : the output file will not be truncated. If this option is not
present, output will be truncated when opened.
- `noerror` : all read errors will be ignored. If this option is not present,
dd will only ignore Error::Interrupted.
- `fdatasync` : data will be written before finishing.
- `fsync` : data and metadata will be written before finishing.
### Input flags
- `count_bytes` : a value to `count=N` will be interpreted as bytes.
- `skip_bytes` : a value to `skip=N` will be interpreted as bytes.
- `fullblock` : wait for ibs bytes from each read. zero-length reads are still
considered EOF.
### Output flags
- `append` : open file in append mode. Consider setting conv=notrunc as well.
- `seek_bytes` : a value to seek=N will be interpreted as bytes.
### General Flags
- `direct` : use direct I/O for data.
- `directory` : fail unless the given input (if used as an iflag) or
output (if used as an oflag) is a directory.
- `dsync` : use synchronized I/O for data.
- `sync` : use synchronized I/O for data and metadata.
- `nonblock` : use non-blocking I/O.
- `noatime` : do not update access time.
- `nocache` : request that OS drop cache.
- `noctty` : do not assign a controlling tty.
- `nofollow` : do not follow system links.

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# df
```
df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides,
or all file systems by default.
## After Help
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024).
Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB,... (powers
of 1000).

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src/uu/dircolors/dircolors.md
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# dircolors
```
dircolors [OPTION]... [FILE]
```
Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable.
## After Help
If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which
file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used.
For details on the format of these files, run 'dircolors --print-database'

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src/uu/dirname/dirname.md
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# dirname
```
dirname [OPTION] NAME...
```
Strip last component from file name
## After Help
Output each NAME with its last non-slash component and trailing slashes
removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output '.' (meaning the current directory).

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src/uu/du/du.md
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# du
```
du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
```
Estimate file space usage
## After Help
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DU_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024).
Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB,... (powers
of 1000).
PATTERN allows some advanced exclusions. For example, the following syntaxes
are supported:
`?` will match only one character
`*` will match zero or more characters
`{a,b}` will match a or b

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# echo
```
echo [OPTIONS]... [STRING]...
```
Display a line of text
## After Help
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized:
- `\` backslash
- `\a` alert (BEL)
- `\b` backspace
- `\c` produce no further output
- `\e` escape
- `\f` form feed
- `\n` new line
- `\r` carriage return
- `\t` horizontal tab
- `\v` vertical tab
- `\0NNN` byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)
- `\xHH` byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits)

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# env
```
env [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...]
```
Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND
## After Help
A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment.

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src/uu/expand/expand.md
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# expand
```
expand [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Convert tabs in each `FILE` to spaces, writing to standard output.
With no `FILE`, or when `FILE` is `-`, read standard input.

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# expr
```
expr [EXPRESSION]
expr [OPTIONS]
```
Print the value of `EXPRESSION` to standard output
## After help
Print the value of `EXPRESSION` to standard output. A blank line below
separates increasing precedence groups.
`EXPRESSION` may be:
- `ARG1 | ARG2`: `ARG1` if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise `ARG2`
- `ARG1 & ARG2`: `ARG1` if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
- `ARG1 < ARG2`: `ARG1` is less than `ARG2`
- `ARG1 <= ARG2`: `ARG1` is less than or equal to `ARG2`
- `ARG1 = ARG2`: `ARG1` is equal to `ARG2`
- `ARG1 != ARG2`: `ARG1` is unequal to `ARG2`
- `ARG1 >= ARG2`: `ARG1` is greater than or equal to `ARG2`
- `ARG1 > ARG2`: `ARG1` is greater than `ARG2`
- `ARG1 + ARG2`: arithmetic sum of `ARG1` and `ARG2`
- `ARG1 - ARG2`: arithmetic difference of `ARG1` and `ARG2`
- `ARG1 * ARG2`: arithmetic product of `ARG1` and `ARG2`
- `ARG1 / ARG2`: arithmetic quotient of `ARG1` divided by `ARG2`
- `ARG1 % ARG2`: arithmetic remainder of `ARG1` divided by `ARG2`
- `STRING : REGEXP`: anchored pattern match of `REGEXP` in `STRING`
- `match STRING REGEXP`: same as `STRING : REGEXP`
- `substr STRING POS LENGTH`: substring of `STRING`, `POS` counted from 1
- `index STRING CHARS`: index in `STRING` where any `CHARS` is found, or 0
- `length STRING`: length of `STRING`
- `+ TOKEN`: interpret `TOKEN` as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match`
or an operator like `/`
- `( EXPRESSION )`: value of `EXPRESSION`
Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical.
Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if
\( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0.
Exit status is `0` if `EXPRESSION` is neither null nor `0`, `1` if `EXPRESSION`
is null or `0`, `2` if `EXPRESSION` is syntactically invalid, and `3` if an
error occurred.
Environment variables:
- `EXPR_DEBUG_TOKENS=1`: dump expression's tokens
- `EXPR_DEBUG_RPN=1`: dump expression represented in reverse polish notation
- `EXPR_DEBUG_SYA_STEP=1`: dump each parser step
- `EXPR_DEBUG_AST=1`: dump expression represented abstract syntax tree

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# factor
```
factor [OPTION]... [NUMBER]...
```
Print the prime factors of the given NUMBER(s).
If none are specified, read from standard input.

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# false
```
false
```
Returns false, an unsuccessful exit status.
Immediately returns with the exit status `1`. When invoked with one of the recognized options it
will try to write the help or version text. Any IO error during this operation is diagnosed, yet
the program will also return `1`.

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# fmt
```
fmt [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Reformat paragraphs from input files (or stdin) to stdout.

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# fold
```
fold [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Writes each file (or standard input if no files are given)
to standard output whilst breaking long lines

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# groups
```
groups [OPTION]... [USERNAME]...
```
Print group memberships for each `USERNAME` or, if no `USERNAME` is specified, for
the current process (which may differ if the groups data‐base has changed).

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# hashsum
```
hashsum --<digest> [OPTIONS]... [FILE]...
```
Compute and check message digests.

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# head
```
head [FLAG]... [FILE]...
```
Print the first 10 lines of each `FILE` to standard output.
With more than one `FILE`, precede each with a header giving the file name.
With no `FILE`, or when `FILE` is `-`, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long flags are mandatory for short flags too.

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# hostid
```
hostid [options]
```
Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host

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# hostname
```
hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME]
```
Display or set the system's host name.

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# id
```
id [OPTION]... [USER]...
```
Print user and group information for each specified `USER`,
or (when `USER` omitted) for the current user.
## After help
The id utility displays the user and group names and numeric IDs, of the
calling process, to the standard output. If the real and effective IDs are
different, both are displayed, otherwise only the real ID is displayed.
If a user (login name or user ID) is specified, the user and group IDs of
that user are displayed. In this case, the real and effective IDs are
assumed to be the same.

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# install
```
install [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing
DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group

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# join
```
join [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2
```
For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to
standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by blanks.
When `FILE1` or `FILE2` (not both) is `-`, read standard input.

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# kill
```
kill [OPTIONS]... PID...
```
Send signal to processes or list information about signals.

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# link
```
link FILE1 FILE2
```
Call the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1.

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# ln
```
ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME
ln [OPTION]... TARGET
ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY
ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET...
```
Make links between files.
## After Help
In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.
In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.
In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY.
Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic.
By default, each destination (name of new link) should not already exist.
When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links
can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is
interpreted in relation to its parent directory.

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# logname
```
logname
```
Print user's login name

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# ls
```
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
List directory contents.
Ignore files and directories starting with a '.' by default
## After help
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale or +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like in date. Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.

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# mkdir
<!-- spell-checker:ignore ugoa -->
```
mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
```
Create the given DIRECTORY(ies) if they do not exist
## After Help
Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+|[-+=]?[0-7]+`.

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# mkfifo
```
mkfifo [OPTION]... NAME...
```
Create a FIFO with the given name.

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# mknod
```
mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]
```
Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE.
## After Help
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
`-m`, `--mode=MODE` set file permission bits to `MODE`, not `a=rw - umask`
Both `MAJOR` and `MINOR` must be specified when `TYPE` is `b`, `c`, or `u`, and they
must be omitted when `TYPE` is `p`. If `MAJOR` or `MINOR` begins with `0x` or `0X`,
it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal;
otherwise, as decimal. `TYPE` may be:
* `b` create a block (buffered) special file
* `c`, `u` create a character (unbuffered) special file
* `p` create a FIFO
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of mknod, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.

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# mktemp
```
mktemp [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE]
```
Create a temporary file or directory.

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# more
```
more [OPTIONS] FILE...
```
Display the contents of a text file

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# mv
```
mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
```
Move `SOURCE` to `DEST`, or multiple `SOURCE`(s) to `DIRECTORY`.
## After Help
When specifying more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one will take effect.
Do not move a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification timestamp;
instead, silently skip the file without failing. If the move is across file system boundaries, the comparison is
to the source timestamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used
to update timestamps; this avoids duplicate work if several `mv -u` commands are executed with the same source
and destination. This option is ignored if the `-n` or `--no-clobber` option is also specified. which gives more control
over which existing files in the destination are replaced, and its value can be one of the following:
* `all` This is the default operation when an `--update` option is not specified, and results in all existing files in the destination being replaced.
* `none` This is similar to the `--no-clobber` option, in that no files in the destination are replaced, but also skipping a file does not induce a failure.
* `older` This is the default operation when `--update` is specified, and results in files being replaced if they’re older than the corresponding source file.

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# nice
```
nice [OPTIONS] [COMMAND [ARGS]]
```
Run `COMMAND` with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling.
With no `COMMAND`, print the current niceness. Niceness values range from at
least -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least favorable to the
process).

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# nl
```
nl [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Number lines of files
## After Help
`STYLE` is one of:
* `a` number all lines
* `t` number only nonempty lines
* `n` number no lines
* `pBRE` number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular
expression, `BRE`
`FORMAT` is one of:
* `ln` left justified, no leading zeros
* `rn` right justified, no leading zeros
* `rz` right justified, leading zeros

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# nohup
```
nohup COMMAND [ARG]...
nohup OPTION
```
Run COMMAND ignoring hangup signals.
## After Help
If standard input is terminal, it'll be replaced with /dev/null.
If standard output is terminal, it'll be appended to nohup.out instead,
or $HOME/nohup.out, if nohup.out open failed.
If standard error is terminal, it'll be redirected to stdout.

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# nproc
```
nproc [OPTIONS]...
```
Print the number of cores available to the current process.
If the `OMP_NUM_THREADS` or `OMP_THREAD_LIMIT` environment variables are set, then
they will determine the minimum and maximum returned value respectively.

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# numfmt
<!-- spell-checker:ignore N'th M'th -->
```
numfmt [OPTION]... [NUMBER]...
```
Convert numbers from/to human-readable strings
## After Help
`UNIT` options:
- `none`: no auto-scaling is done; suffixes will trigger an error
- `auto`: accept optional single/two letter suffix:
1K = 1000, 1Ki = 1024, 1M = 1000000, 1Mi = 1048576,
- `si`: accept optional single letter suffix:
1K = 1000, 1M = 1000000, ...
- `iec`: accept optional single letter suffix:
1K = 1024, 1M = 1048576, ...
- `iec-i`: accept optional two-letter suffix:
1Ki = 1024, 1Mi = 1048576, ...
- `FIELDS` supports `cut(1)` style field ranges:
N N'th field, counted from 1
N- from N'th field, to end of line
N-M from N'th to M'th field (inclusive)
-M from first to M'th field (inclusive)
- all fields
Multiple fields/ranges can be separated with commas
`FORMAT` must be suitable for printing one floating-point argument `%f`.
Optional quote (`%'f`) will enable --grouping (if supported by current locale).
Optional width value (`%10f`) will pad output. Optional zero (`%010f`) width
will zero pad the number. Optional negative values (`%-10f`) will left align.
Optional precision (`%.1f`) will override the input determined precision.

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# od
```
od [OPTION]... [--] [FILENAME]...
od [-abcdDefFhHiIlLoOsxX] [FILENAME] [[+][0x]OFFSET[.][b]]
od --traditional [OPTION]... [FILENAME] [[+][0x]OFFSET[.][b] [[+][0x]LABEL[.][b]]]
```
Dump files in octal and other formats
## After Help
Displays data in various human-readable formats. If multiple formats are
specified, the output will contain all formats in the order they appear on the
command line. Each format will be printed on a new line. Only the line
containing the first format will be prefixed with the offset.
If no filename is specified, or it is "-", stdin will be used. After a "--", no
more options will be recognized. This allows for filenames starting with a "-".
If a filename is a valid number which can be used as an offset in the second
form, you can force it to be recognized as a filename if you include an option
like "-j0", which is only valid in the first form.
RADIX is one of o,d,x,n for octal, decimal, hexadecimal or none.
BYTES is decimal by default, octal if prefixed with a "0", or hexadecimal if
prefixed with "0x". The suffixes b, KB, K, MB, M, GB, G, will multiply the
number with 512, 1000, 1024, 1000^2, 1024^2, 1000^3, 1024^3, 1000^2, 1024^2.
OFFSET and LABEL are octal by default, hexadecimal if prefixed with "0x" or
decimal if a "." suffix is added. The "b" suffix will multiply with 512.
TYPE contains one or more format specifications consisting of:
a for printable 7-bits ASCII
c for utf-8 characters or octal for undefined characters
d[SIZE] for signed decimal
f[SIZE] for floating point
o[SIZE] for octal
u[SIZE] for unsigned decimal
x[SIZE] for hexadecimal
SIZE is the number of bytes which can be the number 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16,
or C, I, S, L for 1, 2, 4, 8 bytes for integer types,
or F, D, L for 4, 8, 16 bytes for floating point.
Any type specification can have a "z" suffix, which will add a ASCII dump at
the end of the line.
If an error occurred, a diagnostic message will be printed to stderr, and the
exit code will be non-zero.

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# paste
```
paste [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
```
Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each
`FILE`, separated by `TAB`s, to standard output.

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# pathchk
```
pathchk [OPTION]... NAME...
```
Check whether file names are valid or portable

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# pinky
```
pinky [OPTION]... [USER]...
```
Displays brief user information on Unix-based systems

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# pr
```
pr [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Write content of given file or standard input to standard output with pagination filter
## After help
`+PAGE` Begin output at page number page of the formatted input.
`-COLUMN` Produce multi-column output. See `--column`
The pr utility is a printing and pagination filter for text files.
When multiple input files are specified, each is read, formatted, and written to standard output.
By default, the input is separated into 66-line pages, each with
* A 5-line header with the page number, date, time, and the pathname of the file.
* A 5-line trailer consisting of blank lines.
If standard output is associated with a terminal, diagnostic messages are suppressed until the pr
utility has completed processing.
When multiple column output is specified, text columns are of equal width.
By default, text columns are separated by at least one `<blank>`.
Input lines that do not fit into a text column are truncated.
Lines are not truncated under single column output.

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# printenv
```
printenv [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]...
```
Display the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s), or (with no VARIABLE) display name and value pairs for them all.

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<!-- spell-checker:ignore templating parameterizing each's -->
# printf
```
printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
printf OPTION
```
Print output based off of the format string and proceeding arguments.
## After Help
basic anonymous string templating:
prints format string at least once, repeating as long as there are remaining arguments
output prints escaped literals in the format string as character literals
output replaces anonymous fields with the next unused argument, formatted according to the field.
Prints the `,` replacing escaped character sequences with character literals
and substitution field sequences with passed arguments
literally, with the exception of the below
escaped character sequences, and the substitution sequences described further down.
### ESCAPE SEQUENCES
The following escape sequences, organized here in alphabetical order,
will print the corresponding character literal:
* `\"` double quote
* `\\\\` backslash
* `\\a` alert (BEL)
* `\\b` backspace
* `\\c` End-of-Input
* `\\e` escape
* `\\f` form feed
* `\\n` new line
* `\\r` carriage return
* `\\t` horizontal tab
* `\\v` vertical tab
* `\\NNN` byte with value expressed in octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)
values greater than 256 will be treated
* `\\xHH` byte with value expressed in hexadecimal value NN (1 to 2 digits)
* `\\uHHHH` Unicode (IEC 10646) character with value expressed in hexadecimal value HHHH (4 digits)
* `\\uHHHH` Unicode character with value expressed in hexadecimal value HHHH (8 digits)
* `%%` a single %
### SUBSTITUTIONS
#### SUBSTITUTION QUICK REFERENCE
Fields
* `%s`: string
* `%b`: string parsed for literals second parameter is max length
* `%c`: char no second parameter
* `%i` or `%d`: 64-bit integer
* `%u`: 64 bit unsigned integer
* `%x` or `%X`: 64-bit unsigned integer as hex
* `%o`: 64-bit unsigned integer as octal
second parameter is min-width, integer
output below that width is padded with leading zeroes
* `%q`: ARGUMENT is printed in a format that can be reused as shell input, escaping non-printable
characters with the proposed POSIX $'' syntax.
* `%f` or `%F`: decimal floating point value
* `%e` or `%E`: scientific notation floating point value
* `%g` or `%G`: shorter of specially interpreted decimal or SciNote floating point value.
second parameter is
`-max` places after decimal point for floating point output
`-max` number of significant digits for scientific notation output
parameterizing fields
examples:
```
printf '%4.3i' 7
```
It has a first parameter of 4 and a second parameter of 3 and will result in ' 007'
```
printf '%.1s' abcde
```
It has no first parameter and a second parameter of 1 and will result in 'a'
```
printf '%4c' q
```
It has a first parameter of 4 and no second parameter and will result in ' q'
The first parameter of a field is the minimum width to pad the output to
if the output is less than this absolute value of this width,
it will be padded with leading spaces, or, if the argument is negative,
with trailing spaces. the default is zero.
The second parameter of a field is particular to the output field type.
defaults can be found in the full substitution help below
special prefixes to numeric arguments
* `0`: (e.g. 010) interpret argument as octal (integer output fields only)
* `0x`: (e.g. 0xABC) interpret argument as hex (numeric output fields only)
* `\'`: (e.g. \'a) interpret argument as a character constant
#### HOW TO USE SUBSTITUTIONS
Substitutions are used to pass additional argument(s) into the FORMAT string, to be formatted a
particular way. E.g.
```
printf 'the letter %X comes before the letter %X' 10 11
```
will print
```
the letter A comes before the letter B
```
because the substitution field `%X` means
'take an integer argument and write it as a hexadecimal number'
Passing more arguments than are in the format string will cause the format string to be
repeated for the remaining substitutions
```
printf 'it is %i F in %s \n' 22 Portland 25 Boston 27 New York
```
will print
```
it is 22 F in Portland
it is 25 F in Boston
it is 27 F in Boston
```
If a format string is printed but there are less arguments remaining
than there are substitution fields, substitution fields without
an argument will default to empty strings, or for numeric fields
the value 0
#### AVAILABLE SUBSTITUTIONS
This program, like GNU coreutils printf,
interprets a modified subset of the POSIX C printf spec,
a quick reference to substitutions is below.
#### STRING SUBSTITUTIONS
All string fields have a 'max width' parameter
`%.3s` means 'print no more than three characters of the original input'
* `%s`: string
* `%b`: escaped string - the string will be checked for any escaped literals from
the escaped literal list above, and translate them to literal characters.
e.g. `\\n` will be transformed into a newline character.
One special rule about `%b` mode is that octal literals are interpreted differently
In arguments passed by `%b`, pass octal-interpreted literals must be in the form of `\\0NNN`
instead of `\\NNN`. (Although, for legacy reasons, octal literals in the form of `\\NNN` will
still be interpreted and not throw a warning, you will have problems if you use this for a
literal whose code begins with zero, as it will be viewed as in `\\0NNN` form.)
* `%q`: escaped string - the string in a format that can be reused as input by most shells.
Non-printable characters are escaped with the POSIX proposed ‘$''’ syntax,
and shell meta-characters are quoted appropriately.
This is an equivalent format to ls --quoting=shell-escape output.
#### CHAR SUBSTITUTIONS
The character field does not have a secondary parameter.
* `%c`: a single character
#### INTEGER SUBSTITUTIONS
All integer fields have a 'pad with zero' parameter
`%.4i` means an integer which if it is less than 4 digits in length,
is padded with leading zeros until it is 4 digits in length.
* `%d` or `%i`: 64-bit integer
* `%u`: 64-bit unsigned integer
* `%x` or `%X`: 64-bit unsigned integer printed in Hexadecimal (base 16)
`%X` instead of `%x` means to use uppercase letters for 'a' through 'f'
* `%o`: 64-bit unsigned integer printed in octal (base 8)
#### FLOATING POINT SUBSTITUTIONS
All floating point fields have a 'max decimal places / max significant digits' parameter
`%.10f` means a decimal floating point with 7 decimal places past 0
`%.10e` means a scientific notation number with 10 significant digits
`%.10g` means the same behavior for decimal and Sci. Note, respectively, and provides the shortest
of each's output.
Like with GNU coreutils, the value after the decimal point is these outputs is parsed as a
double first before being rendered to text. For both implementations do not expect meaningful
precision past the 18th decimal place. When using a number of decimal places that is 18 or
higher, you can expect variation in output between GNU coreutils printf and this printf at the
18th decimal place of +/- 1
* `%f`: floating point value presented in decimal, truncated and displayed to 6 decimal places by
default. There is not past-double behavior parity with Coreutils printf, values are not
estimated or adjusted beyond input values.
* `%e` or `%E`: floating point value presented in scientific notation
7 significant digits by default
`%E` means use to use uppercase E for the mantissa.
* `%g` or `%G`: floating point value presented in the shortest of decimal and scientific notation
behaves differently from `%f` and `%E`, please see posix printf spec for full details,
some examples of different behavior:
Sci Note has 6 significant digits by default
Trailing zeroes are removed
Instead of being truncated, digit after last is rounded
Like other behavior in this utility, the design choices of floating point
behavior in this utility is selected to reproduce in exact
the behavior of GNU coreutils' printf from an inputs and outputs standpoint.
### USING PARAMETERS
Most substitution fields can be parameterized using up to 2 numbers that can
be passed to the field, between the % sign and the field letter.
The 1st parameter always indicates the minimum width of output, it is useful for creating
columnar output. Any output that would be less than this minimum width is padded with
leading spaces
The 2nd parameter is proceeded by a dot.
You do not have to use parameters
### SPECIAL FORMS OF INPUT
For numeric input, the following additional forms of input are accepted besides decimal:
Octal (only with integer): if the argument begins with a 0 the proceeding characters
will be interpreted as octal (base 8) for integer fields
Hexadecimal: if the argument begins with 0x the proceeding characters will be interpreted
will be interpreted as hex (base 16) for any numeric fields
for float fields, hexadecimal input results in a precision
limit (in converting input past the decimal point) of 10^-15
Character Constant: if the argument begins with a single quote character, the first byte
of the next character will be interpreted as an 8-bit unsigned integer. If there are
additional bytes, they will throw an error (unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT
is set)

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# ptx
```
ptx [OPTION]... [INPUT]...
ptx -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
```
Produce a permuted index of file contents
Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Default is '-F /'.

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# pwd
```
pwd [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Display the full filename of the current working directory.

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# readlink
```
readlink [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name.

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# realpath
```
realpath [OPTION]... FILE...
```
Print the resolved path

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# rm
```
rm [OPTION]... FILE...
```
Remove (unlink) the FILE(s)
## After Help
By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R)
option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents
To remove a file whose name starts with a '-', for example '-foo',
use one of these commands:
rm -- -foo
rm ./-foo
Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it might be possible to recover
some of its contents, given sufficient expertise and/or time. For greater
assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred.

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# rmdir
```
rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
```
Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

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# runcon
```
runcon CONTEXT COMMAND [ARG...]
runcon [-c] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [ARG...]
```
Run command with specified security context under SELinux enabled systems.
## After Help
Run COMMAND with completely-specified CONTEXT, or with current or transitioned security context modified by one or more of LEVEL, ROLE, TYPE, and USER.
If none of --compute, --type, --user, --role or --range is specified, then the first argument is used as the complete context.
Note that only carefully-chosen contexts are likely to successfully run.
If neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND is specified, the current security context is printed.

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# seq
```
seq [OPTION]... LAST
seq [OPTION]... FIRST LAST
seq [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST
```
Display numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT.

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# shred
<!-- spell-checker:ignore writeback -->
```
shred [OPTION]... FILE...
```
Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even
very expensive hardware probing to recover the data.
## After help
Delete `FILE(s)` if `--remove` (`-u`) is specified. The default is not to remove
the files because it is common to operate on device files like `/dev/hda`, and
those files usually should not be removed.
CAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file
system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but
many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following
are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not
guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes:
* log-structured or journal file systems, such as those supplied with
AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.)
* file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes
fail, such as RAID-based file systems
* file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server
* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS
version 3 clients
* compressed file systems
In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is
thus of limited effectiveness) only in `data=journal` mode, which journals file
data in addition to just metadata. In both the `data=ordered` (default) and
`data=writeback` modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journal modes can be changed
by adding the `data=something` option to the mount options for a particular
file system in the `/etc/fstab` file, as documented in the mount man page (`man
mount`).
In addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of
the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be
recovered later.

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# shuf
```
shuf [OPTION]... [FILE]
shuf -e [OPTION]... [ARG]...
shuf -i LO-HI [OPTION]...
```
Shuffle the input by outputting a random permutation of input lines.
Each output permutation is equally likely.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

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# sleep
```
sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX]...
sleep OPTION
```
Pause for NUMBER seconds.
## After Help
Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be 's' for seconds (the default),
'm' for minutes, 'h' for hours or 'd' for days. Unlike most implementations
that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating
point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time
specified by the sum of their values.

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<!-- spell-checker:ignore MbdfhnRrV -->
# sort
```
sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Display sorted concatenation of all FILE(s). With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
## After help
The key format is `FIELD[.CHAR][OPTIONS][,FIELD[.CHAR]][OPTIONS]`.
Fields by default are separated by the first whitespace after a non-whitespace character. Use `-t` to specify a custom separator.
In the default case, whitespace is appended at the beginning of each field. Custom separators however are not included in fields.
`FIELD` and `CHAR` both start at 1 (i.e. they are 1-indexed). If there is no end specified after a comma, the end will be the end of the line.
If `CHAR` is set 0, it means the end of the field. `CHAR` defaults to 1 for the start position and to 0 for the end position.
Valid options are: `MbdfhnRrV`. They override the global options for this key.

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<!-- spell-checker:ignore PREFI -->
# split
```
split [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]]
```
Create output files containing consecutive or interleaved sections of input
## After Help
Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000, and default PREFIX is 'x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input.
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y,R,Q (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.
CHUNKS may be:
- N split into N files based on size of input
- K/N output Kth of N to stdout
- l/N split into N files without splitting lines/records
- l/K/N output Kth of N to stdout without splitting lines/records
- r/N like 'l' but use round robin distribution
- r/K/N likewise but only output Kth of N to stdout

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# stat
```
stat [OPTION]... FILE...
```
Display file or file system status.
## Long Usage
Valid format sequences for files (without `--file-system`):
- `%a`: access rights in octal (note '#' and '0' printf flags)
- `%A`: access rights in human readable form
- `%b`: number of blocks allocated (see %B)
- `%B`: the size in bytes of each block reported by %b
- `%C`: SELinux security context string
- `%d`: device number in decimal
- `%D`: device number in hex
- `%f`: raw mode in hex
- `%F`: file type
- `%g`: group ID of owner
- `%G`: group name of owner
- `%h`: number of hard links
- `%i`: inode number
- `%m`: mount point
- `%n`: file name
- `%N`: quoted file name with dereference (follow) if symbolic link
- `%o`: optimal I/O transfer size hint
- `%s`: total size, in bytes
- `%t`: major device type in hex, for character/block device special files
- `%T`: minor device type in hex, for character/block device special files
- `%u`: user ID of owner
- `%U`: user name of owner
- `%w`: time of file birth, human-readable; - if unknown
- `%W`: time of file birth, seconds since Epoch; 0 if unknown
- `%x`: time of last access, human-readable
- `%X`: time of last access, seconds since Epoch
- `%y`: time of last data modification, human-readable
- `%Y`: time of last data modification, seconds since Epoch
- `%z`: time of last status change, human-readable
- `%Z`: time of last status change, seconds since Epoch
Valid format sequences for file systems:
- `%a`: free blocks available to non-superuser
- `%b`: total data blocks in file system
- `%c`: total file nodes in file system
- `%d`: free file nodes in file system
- `%f`: free blocks in file system
- `%i`: file system ID in hex
- `%l`: maximum length of filenames
- `%n`: file name
- `%s`: block size (for faster transfers)
- `%S`: fundamental block size (for block counts)
- `%t`: file system type in hex
- `%T`: file system type in human readable form
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of stat, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.

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# stdbuf
```
stdbuf [OPTION]... COMMAND
```
Run `COMMAND`, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
## After Help
If `MODE` is 'L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered.
This option is invalid with standard input.
If `MODE` is '0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered.
Otherwise, `MODE` is a number which may be followed by one of the following:
KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to `MODE` bytes.
NOTE: If `COMMAND` adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee` does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf`.
Also some filters (like `dd` and `cat` etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf` settings.

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# stty
```
stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]...
stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all]
stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save]
```
Print or change terminal characteristics.

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# sum
```
sum [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Checksum and count the blocks in a file.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

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# sync
```
sync [OPTION]... FILE...
```
Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage

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# tac
```
tac [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Write each file to standard output, last line first.

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# tail
```
tail [FLAG]... [FILE]...
```
Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long flags are mandatory for short flags too.

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# tee
```
tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
## After Help
If a FILE is -, it refers to a file named - .

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# test
```
test EXPRESSION
test
[ EXPRESSION ]
[ ]
[ OPTION
```
Check file types and compare values.
## After Help
Exit with the status determined by `EXPRESSION`.
An omitted `EXPRESSION` defaults to false.
Otherwise, `EXPRESSION` is true or false and sets exit status.
It is one of:
* ( EXPRESSION ) `EXPRESSION` is true
* ! EXPRESSION `EXPRESSION` is false
* EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both `EXPRESSION1` and `EXPRESSION2` are true
* EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either `EXPRESSION1` or `EXPRESSION2` is true
String operations:
* -n STRING the length of `STRING` is nonzero
* STRING equivalent to -n `STRING`
* -z STRING the length of `STRING` is zero
* STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal
* STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal
Integer comparisons:
* INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 `INTEGER1` is equal to `INTEGER2`
* INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 `INTEGER1` is greater than or equal to `INTEGER2`
* INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 `INTEGER1` is greater than `INTEGER2`
* INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 `INTEGER1` is less than or equal to `INTEGER2`
* INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 `INTEGER1` is less than `INTEGER2`
* INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 `INTEGER1` is not equal to `INTEGER2`
File operations:
* FILE1 -ef FILE2 `FILE1` and `FILE2` have the same device and inode numbers
* FILE1 -nt FILE2 `FILE1` is newer (modification date) than `FILE2`
* FILE1 -ot FILE2 `FILE1` is older than `FILE2`
* -b FILE `FILE` exists and is block special
* -c FILE `FILE` exists and is character special
* -d FILE `FILE` exists and is a directory
* -e FILE `FILE` exists
* -f FILE `FILE` exists and is a regular file
* -g FILE `FILE` exists and is set-group-ID
* -G FILE `FILE` exists and is owned by the effective group ID
* -h FILE `FILE` exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
* -k FILE `FILE` exists and has its sticky bit set
* -L FILE `FILE` exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
* -N FILE `FILE` exists and has been modified since it was last read
* -O FILE `FILE` exists and is owned by the effective user ID
* -p FILE `FILE` exists and is a named pipe
* -r FILE `FILE` exists and read permission is granted
* -s FILE `FILE` exists and has a size greater than zero
* -S FILE `FILE` exists and is a socket
* -t FD `file` descriptor `FD` is opened on a terminal
* -u FILE `FILE` exists and its set-user-ID bit is set
* -w FILE `FILE` exists and write permission is granted
* -x FILE `FILE` exists and execute (or search) permission is granted
Except for `-h` and `-L`, all FILE-related tests dereference (follow) symbolic links.
Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells.
`INTEGER` may also be -l `STRING`, which evaluates to the length of `STRING`.
NOTE: Binary `-a` and `-o` are inherently ambiguous.
Use `test EXPR1 && test EXPR2` or `test EXPR1 || test EXPR2` instead.
NOTE: `[` honors the `--help` and `--version` options, but test does not.
test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty `STRING`.
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of `test` and/or `[`, which usually supersedes the version described here.
Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports.

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# timeout
```
timeout [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND...
```
Start `COMMAND`, and kill it if still running after `DURATION`.

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# touch
```
touch [OPTION]... [USER]
```
Update the access and modification times of each `FILE` to the current time.

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# tr
```
tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
```
Translate or delete characters
## After help
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.

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# true
```
true
```
Returns true, a successful exit status.
Immediately returns with the exit status `0`, except when invoked with one of the recognized
options. In those cases it will try to write the help or version text. Any IO error during this
operation causes the program to return `1` instead.

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# truncate
```
truncate [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Shrink or extend the size of each file to the specified size.
## After help
SIZE is an integer with an optional prefix and optional unit.
The available units (K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, and Y) use the following format:
'KB' => 1000 (kilobytes)
'K' => 1024 (kibibytes)
'MB' => 1000*1000 (megabytes)
'M' => 1024*1024 (mebibytes)
'GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (gigabytes)
'G' => 1024*1024*1024 (gibibytes)
SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following to adjust the size of each
file based on its current size:
'+' => extend by
'-' => reduce by
'<' => at most
'>' => at least
'/' => round down to multiple of
'%' => round up to multiple of

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# tsort
```
tsort [OPTIONS] FILE
```
Topological sort the strings in FILE.
Strings are defined as any sequence of tokens separated by whitespace (tab, space, or newline), ordering them based on dependencies in a directed acyclic graph (DAG).
Useful for scheduling and determining execution order.
If FILE is not passed in, stdin is used instead.

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# tty
```
tty [OPTION]...
```
Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.

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# uname
```
uname [OPTION]...
```
Print certain system information.
With no OPTION, same as -s.

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# unexpand
```
unexpand [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Convert blanks in each `FILE` to tabs, writing to standard output.
With no `FILE`, or when `FILE` is `-`, read standard input.

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# uniq
```
uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
```
Report or omit repeated lines.
## After help
Filter adjacent matching lines from `INPUT` (or standard input),
writing to `OUTPUT` (or standard output).
Note: `uniq` does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent.
You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u` without `uniq`.

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# unlink
```
unlink FILE
unlink OPTION
```
Unlink the file at `FILE`.

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# uptime
```
uptime [OPTION]...
```
Display the current time, the length of time the system has been up,
the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs
in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.

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# users
```
users [FILE]
```
Print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host.

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# vdir
```
vdir [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
List directory contents.
Ignore files and directories starting with a '.' by default.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

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# wc
```
wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
```
Display newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if
more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

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# who
```
who [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ]
```
Print information about users who are currently logged in.

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# whoami
```
whoami
```
Print the current username.

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