Merge pull request #4743 from sylvestre/cognitive_complexity

Reduce cognitive complexity: just move some of the contents in functions

src/uu/fmt/src/fmt.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use clap::{crate_version, Arg, ArgAction, Command};
 use std::cmp;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::{stdin, stdout, Write};
-use std::io::{BufReader, BufWriter, Read};
+use std::io::{BufReader, BufWriter, Read, Stdout};
 use uucore::display::Quotable;
 use uucore::error::{FromIo, UResult, USimpleError};
 use uucore::{format_usage, help_about, help_usage, show_warning};
@@ -60,10 +60,16 @@ pub struct FmtOptions {
     goal: usize,
     tabwidth: usize,
 }
-
+/// Parse the command line arguments and return the list of files and formatting options.
-#[uucore::main]
+///
-#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
+/// # Arguments
-pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
+///
+/// * `args` - Command line arguments.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// A tuple containing a vector of file names and a `FmtOptions` struct.
+fn parse_arguments(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<(Vec<String>, FmtOptions)> {
     let matches = uu_app().try_get_matches_from(args)?;
 
     let mut files: Vec<String> = matches
@@ -177,20 +183,37 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
         files.push("-".to_owned());
     }
 
-    let mut ostream = BufWriter::new(stdout());
+    Ok((files, fmt_opts))
+}
 
-    for i in files.iter().map(|x| &x[..]) {
+/// Process the content of a file and format it according to the provided options.
-        let mut fp = match i {
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `file_name` - The name of the file to process. A value of "-" represents the standard input.
+/// * `fmt_opts` - A reference to a `FmtOptions` struct containing the formatting options.
+/// * `ostream` - A mutable reference to a `BufWriter` wrapping the standard output.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// A `UResult<()>` indicating success or failure.
+fn process_file(
+    file_name: &str,
+    fmt_opts: &FmtOptions,
+    ostream: &mut BufWriter<Stdout>,
+) -> UResult<()> {
+    let mut fp = match file_name {
         "-" => BufReader::new(Box::new(stdin()) as Box<dyn Read + 'static>),
-            _ => match File::open(i) {
+        _ => match File::open(file_name) {
             Ok(f) => BufReader::new(Box::new(f) as Box<dyn Read + 'static>),
             Err(e) => {
-                    show_warning!("{}: {}", i.maybe_quote(), e);
+                show_warning!("{}: {}", file_name.maybe_quote(), e);
-                    continue;
+                return Ok(());
             }
         },
     };
-        let p_stream = ParagraphStream::new(&fmt_opts, &mut fp);
+
+    let p_stream = ParagraphStream::new(fmt_opts, &mut fp);
     for para_result in p_stream {
         match para_result {
             Err(s) => {
@@ -201,7 +224,7 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
                     .write_all(b"\n")
                     .map_err_context(|| "failed to write output".to_string())?;
             }
-                Ok(para) => break_lines(&para, &fmt_opts, &mut ostream)
+            Ok(para) => break_lines(&para, fmt_opts, ostream)
                 .map_err_context(|| "failed to write output".to_string())?,
         }
     }
@@ -210,6 +233,18 @@ pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
     ostream
         .flush()
         .map_err_context(|| "failed to write output".to_string())?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[uucore::main]
+pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
+    let (files, fmt_opts) = parse_arguments(args)?;
+
+    let mut ostream = BufWriter::new(stdout());
+
+    for file_name in &files {
+        process_file(file_name, &fmt_opts, &mut ostream)?;
     }
 
     Ok(())

src/uu/hashsum/src/hashsum.rs

@@ -50,31 +50,23 @@ struct Options {
     zero: bool,
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
+/// Creates a Blake2b hasher instance based on the specified length argument.
-fn detect_algo(
+///
-    program: &str,
+/// # Returns
-    matches: &ArgMatches,
+///
-) -> (&'static str, Box<dyn Digest + 'static>, usize) {
+/// Returns a tuple containing the algorithm name, the hasher instance, and the output length in bits.
-    let mut alg: Option<Box<dyn Digest>> = None;
+///
-    let mut name: &'static str = "";
+/// # Panics
-    let mut output_bits = 0;
+///
-    match program {
+/// Panics if the length is not a multiple of 8 or if it is greater than 512.
-        "md5sum" => ("MD5", Box::new(Md5::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 128),
+fn create_blake2b(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (&'static str, Box<dyn Digest>, usize) {
-        "sha1sum" => ("SHA1", Box::new(Sha1::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 160),
+    match matches.get_one::<usize>("length") {
-        "sha224sum" => ("SHA224", Box::new(Sha224::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 224),
-        "sha256sum" => ("SHA256", Box::new(Sha256::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 256),
-        "sha384sum" => ("SHA384", Box::new(Sha384::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 384),
-        "sha512sum" => ("SHA512", Box::new(Sha512::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 512),
-        "b2sum" => match matches.get_one::<usize>("length") {
-            // by default, blake2 uses 64 bytes (512 bits)
-            // --length=0 falls back to default behavior
         Some(0) | None => ("BLAKE2", Box::new(Blake2b::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 512),
         Some(length_in_bits) => {
             if *length_in_bits > 512 {
                 crash!(1, "Invalid length (maximum digest length is 512 bits)")
             }
 
-                // blake2 output size must be a multiple of 8 bits
             if length_in_bits % 8 == 0 {
                 let length_in_bytes = length_in_bits / 8;
                 (
@@ -86,9 +78,20 @@ fn detect_algo(
                 crash!(1, "Invalid length (expected a multiple of 8)")
             }
         }
-        },
+    }
-        "b3sum" => ("BLAKE3", Box::new(Blake3::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 256),
+}
-        "sha3sum" => match matches.get_one::<usize>("bits") {
+
+/// Creates a SHA3 hasher instance based on the specified bits argument.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns a tuple containing the algorithm name, the hasher instance, and the output length in bits.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if an unsupported output size is provided, or if the `--bits` flag is missing.
+fn create_sha3(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (&'static str, Box<dyn Digest>, usize) {
+    match matches.get_one::<usize>("bits") {
         Some(224) => (
             "SHA3-224",
             Box::new(Sha3_224::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
@@ -114,7 +117,73 @@ fn detect_algo(
             "Invalid output size for SHA3 (expected 224, 256, 384, or 512)"
         ),
         None => crash!(1, "--bits required for SHA3"),
-        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a SHAKE-128 hasher instance based on the specified bits argument.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns a tuple containing the algorithm name, the hasher instance, and the output length in bits.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if the `--bits` flag is missing.
+fn create_shake128(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (&'static str, Box<dyn Digest>, usize) {
+    match matches.get_one::<usize>("bits") {
+        Some(bits) => (
+            "SHAKE128",
+            Box::new(Shake128::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
+            *bits,
+        ),
+        None => crash!(1, "--bits required for SHAKE-128"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a SHAKE-256 hasher instance based on the specified bits argument.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns a tuple containing the algorithm name, the hasher instance, and the output length in bits.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if the `--bits` flag is missing.
+fn create_shake256(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (&'static str, Box<dyn Digest>, usize) {
+    match matches.get_one::<usize>("bits") {
+        Some(bits) => (
+            "SHAKE256",
+            Box::new(Shake256::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
+            *bits,
+        ),
+        None => crash!(1, "--bits required for SHAKE-256"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Detects the hash algorithm from the program name or command-line arguments.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `program` - A string slice containing the program name.
+/// * `matches` - A reference to the `ArgMatches` object containing the command-line arguments.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns a tuple containing the algorithm name, the hasher instance, and the output length in bits.
+fn detect_algo(
+    program: &str,
+    matches: &ArgMatches,
+) -> (&'static str, Box<dyn Digest + 'static>, usize) {
+    let (name, alg, output_bits) = match program {
+        "md5sum" => ("MD5", Box::new(Md5::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 128),
+        "sha1sum" => ("SHA1", Box::new(Sha1::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 160),
+        "sha224sum" => ("SHA224", Box::new(Sha224::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 224),
+        "sha256sum" => ("SHA256", Box::new(Sha256::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 256),
+        "sha384sum" => ("SHA384", Box::new(Sha384::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 384),
+        "sha512sum" => ("SHA512", Box::new(Sha512::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 512),
+        "b2sum" => create_blake2b(matches),
+        "b3sum" => ("BLAKE3", Box::new(Blake3::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>, 256),
+        "sha3sum" => create_sha3(matches),
         "sha3-224sum" => (
             "SHA3-224",
             Box::new(Sha3_224::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
@@ -135,32 +204,39 @@ fn detect_algo(
             Box::new(Sha3_512::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
             512,
         ),
-        "shake128sum" => match matches.get_one::<usize>("bits") {
+        "shake128sum" => create_shake128(matches),
-            Some(bits) => (
+        "shake256sum" => create_shake256(matches),
-                "SHAKE128",
+        _ => create_algorithm_from_flags(matches),
-                Box::new(Shake128::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
+    };
-                *bits,
+    (name, alg, output_bits)
-            ),
+}
-            None => crash!(1, "--bits required for SHAKE-128"),
+
-        },
+/// Creates a hasher instance based on the command-line flags.
-        "shake256sum" => match matches.get_one::<usize>("bits") {
+///
-            Some(bits) => (
+/// # Arguments
-                "SHAKE256",
+///
-                Box::new(Shake256::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
+/// * `matches` - A reference to the `ArgMatches` object containing the command-line arguments.
-                *bits,
+///
-            ),
+/// # Returns
-            None => crash!(1, "--bits required for SHAKE-256"),
+///
-        },
+/// Returns a tuple containing the algorithm name, the hasher instance, and the output length in bits.
-        _ => {
+///
-            {
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if multiple hash algorithms are specified or if a required flag is missing.
+fn create_algorithm_from_flags(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (&'static str, Box<dyn Digest>, usize) {
+    let mut alg: Option<Box<dyn Digest>> = None;
+    let mut name: &'static str = "";
+    let mut output_bits = 0;
     let mut set_or_crash = |n, val, bits| {
         if alg.is_some() {
-                        crash!(1, "You cannot combine multiple hash algorithms!")
+            crash!(1, "You cannot combine multiple hash algorithms!");
         };
         name = n;
         alg = Some(val);
         output_bits = bits;
     };
+
     if matches.get_flag("md5") {
         set_or_crash("MD5", Box::new(Md5::new()), 128);
     }
@@ -186,33 +262,8 @@ fn detect_algo(
         set_or_crash("BLAKE3", Box::new(Blake3::new()), 256);
     }
     if matches.get_flag("sha3") {
-                    match matches.get_one::<usize>("bits") {
+        let (n, val, bits) = create_sha3(matches);
-                        Some(224) => set_or_crash(
+        set_or_crash(n, val, bits);
-                            "SHA3-224",
-                            Box::new(Sha3_224::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
-                            224,
-                        ),
-                        Some(256) => set_or_crash(
-                            "SHA3-256",
-                            Box::new(Sha3_256::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
-                            256,
-                        ),
-                        Some(384) => set_or_crash(
-                            "SHA3-384",
-                            Box::new(Sha3_384::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
-                            384,
-                        ),
-                        Some(512) => set_or_crash(
-                            "SHA3-512",
-                            Box::new(Sha3_512::new()) as Box<dyn Digest>,
-                            512,
-                        ),
-                        Some(_) => crash!(
-                            1,
-                            "Invalid output size for SHA3 (expected 224, 256, 384, or 512)"
-                        ),
-                        None => crash!(1, "--bits required for SHA3"),
-                    }
     }
     if matches.get_flag("sha3-224") {
         set_or_crash("SHA3-224", Box::new(Sha3_224::new()), 224);
@@ -238,11 +289,9 @@ fn detect_algo(
             None => crash!(1, "--bits required for SHAKE-256"),
         }
     }
-            }
+
     let alg = alg.unwrap_or_else(|| crash!(1, "You must specify hash algorithm!"));
     (name, alg, output_bits)
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 // TODO: return custom error type

src/uu/install/src/install.rs

@@ -682,36 +682,23 @@ fn chown_optional_user_group(path: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Copy one file to a new location, changing metadata.
+/// Perform backup before overwriting.
-///
-/// Returns a Result type with the Err variant containing the error message.
 ///
 /// # Parameters
 ///
-/// _from_ must exist as a non-directory.
+/// * `to` - The destination file path.
-/// _to_ must be a non-existent file, whose parent directory exists.
+/// * `b` - The behavior configuration.
 ///
-/// # Errors
+/// # Returns
 ///
-/// If the copy system call fails, we print a verbose error and return an empty error value.
+/// Returns an Option containing the backup path, or None if backup is not needed.
 ///
-#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
+fn perform_backup(to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<Option<PathBuf>> {
-fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
-    if b.compare && !need_copy(from, to, b)? {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    // Declare the path here as we may need it for the verbose output below.
-    let mut backup_path = None;
-
-    // Perform backup, if any, before overwriting 'to'
-    //
-    // The codes actually making use of the backup process don't seem to agree
-    // on how best to approach the issue. (mv and ln, for example)
     if to.exists() {
         if b.verbose {
             println!("removed {}", to.quote());
         }
-        backup_path = backup_control::get_backup_path(b.backup_mode, to, &b.suffix);
+        let backup_path = backup_control::get_backup_path(b.backup_mode, to, &b.suffix);
         if let Some(ref backup_path) = backup_path {
             // TODO!!
             if let Err(err) = fs::rename(to, backup_path) {
@@ -723,8 +710,24 @@ fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
                 .into());
             }
         }
+        Ok(backup_path)
+    } else {
+        Ok(None)
     }
+}
 
+/// Copy a file from one path to another.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// * `from` - The source file path.
+/// * `to` - The destination file path.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns an empty Result or an error in case of failure.
+///
+fn copy_file(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> UResult<()> {
     if from.as_os_str() == "/dev/null" {
         /* workaround a limitation of fs::copy
          * https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/79390
@@ -737,8 +740,21 @@ fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
     } else if let Err(err) = fs::copy(from, to) {
         return Err(InstallError::InstallFailed(from.to_path_buf(), to.to_path_buf(), err).into());
     }
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-    if b.strip && cfg!(not(windows)) {
+/// Strip a file using an external program.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// * `to` - The destination file path.
+/// * `b` - The behavior configuration.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns an empty Result or an error in case of failure.
+///
+fn strip_file(to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
     match process::Command::new(&b.strip_program).arg(to).output() {
         Ok(o) => {
             if !o.status.success() {
@@ -756,8 +772,21 @@ fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
             return Err(InstallError::StripProgramFailed(e.to_string()).into());
         }
     }
-    }
+    Ok(())
+}
 
+/// Set ownership and permissions on the destination file.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// * `to` - The destination file path.
+/// * `b` - The behavior configuration.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns an empty Result or an error in case of failure.
+///
+fn set_ownership_and_permissions(to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
     // Silent the warning as we want to the error message
     #[allow(clippy::question_mark)]
     if mode::chmod(to, b.mode()).is_err() {
@@ -766,7 +795,21 @@ fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
 
     chown_optional_user_group(to, b)?;
 
-    if b.preserve_timestamps {
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Preserve timestamps on the destination file.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// * `from` - The source file path.
+/// * `to` - The destination file path.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// Returns an empty Result or an error in case of failure.
+///
+fn preserve_timestamps(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> UResult<()> {
     let meta = match fs::metadata(from) {
         Ok(meta) => meta,
         Err(e) => return Err(InstallError::MetadataFailed(e).into()),
@@ -776,10 +819,46 @@ fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
     let accessed_time = FileTime::from_last_access_time(&meta);
 
     match set_file_times(to, accessed_time, modified_time) {
-            Ok(_) => {}
+        Ok(_) => Ok(()),
-            Err(e) => show_error!("{}", e),
+        Err(e) => {
+            show_error!("{}", e);
+            Ok(())
         }
     }
+}
+
+/// Copy one file to a new location, changing metadata.
+///
+/// Returns a Result type with the Err variant containing the error message.
+///
+/// # Parameters
+///
+/// _from_ must exist as a non-directory.
+/// _to_ must be a non-existent file, whose parent directory exists.
+///
+/// # Errors
+///
+/// If the copy system call fails, we print a verbose error and return an empty error value.
+///
+fn copy(from: &Path, to: &Path, b: &Behavior) -> UResult<()> {
+    if b.compare && !need_copy(from, to, b)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    // Declare the path here as we may need it for the verbose output below.
+    let backup_path = perform_backup(to, b)?;
+
+    copy_file(from, to)?;
+
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    if b.strip {
+        strip_file(to, b)?;
+    }
+
+    set_ownership_and_permissions(to, b)?;
+
+    if b.preserve_timestamps {
+        preserve_timestamps(from, to)?;
+    }
 
     if b.verbose {
         print!("{} -> {}", from.quote(), to.quote());

src/uu/stat/src/stat.rs

@@ -205,7 +205,16 @@ struct Stater {
     default_dev_tokens: Vec<Token>,
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
+/// Prints a formatted output based on the provided output type, flags, width, and precision.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `output` - A reference to the OutputType enum containing the value to be printed.
+/// * `flags` - A Flags struct containing formatting flags.
+/// * `width` - The width of the field for the printed output.
+/// * `precision` - An Option containing the precision value.
+///
+/// This function delegates the printing process to more specialized functions depending on the output type.
 fn print_it(output: &OutputType, flags: Flags, width: usize, precision: Option<usize>) {
     // If the precision is given as just '.', the precision is taken to be zero.
     // A negative precision is taken as if the precision were omitted.
@@ -236,22 +245,72 @@ fn print_it(output: &OutputType, flags: Flags, width: usize, precision: Option<u
     // A sign (+ or -) should always be placed before a number produced by a signed conversion.
     // By default, a sign  is  used only for negative numbers.
     // A + overrides a space if both are used.
+    let padding_char = determine_padding_char(&flags, &precision);
 
-    let padding_char = if flags.zero && !flags.left && precision.is_none() {
+    match output {
+        OutputType::Str(s) => print_str(s, &flags, width, precision),
+        OutputType::Integer(num) => print_integer(*num, &flags, width, precision, padding_char),
+        OutputType::Unsigned(num) => print_unsigned(*num, &flags, width, precision, padding_char),
+        OutputType::UnsignedOct(num) => {
+            print_unsigned_oct(*num, &flags, width, precision, padding_char);
+        }
+        OutputType::UnsignedHex(num) => {
+            print_unsigned_hex(*num, &flags, width, precision, padding_char);
+        }
+        OutputType::Unknown => print!("?"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Determines the padding character based on the provided flags and precision.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `flags` - A reference to the Flags struct containing formatting flags.
+/// * `precision` - An Option containing the precision value.
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// * Padding - An instance of the Padding enum representing the padding character.
+fn determine_padding_char(flags: &Flags, precision: &Option<usize>) -> Padding {
+    if flags.zero && !flags.left && precision.is_none() {
         Padding::Zero
     } else {
         Padding::Space
-    };
+    }
+}
 
-    match output {
+/// Prints a string value based on the provided flags, width, and precision.
-        OutputType::Str(s) => {
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `s` - The string to be printed.
+/// * `flags` - A reference to the Flags struct containing formatting flags.
+/// * `width` - The width of the field for the printed string.
+/// * `precision` - An Option containing the precision value.
+fn print_str(s: &str, flags: &Flags, width: usize, precision: Option<usize>) {
     let s = match precision {
         Some(p) if p < s.len() => &s[..p],
         _ => s,
     };
     pad_and_print(s, flags.left, width, Padding::Space);
-        }
+}
-        OutputType::Integer(num) => {
+
+/// Prints an integer value based on the provided flags, width, and precision.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `num` - The integer value to be printed.
+/// * `flags` - A reference to the Flags struct containing formatting flags.
+/// * `width` - The width of the field for the printed integer.
+/// * `precision` - An Option containing the precision value.
+/// * `padding_char` - The padding character as determined by `determine_padding_char`.
+fn print_integer(
+    num: i64,
+    flags: &Flags,
+    width: usize,
+    precision: Option<usize>,
+    padding_char: Padding,
+) {
     let num = num.to_string();
     let arg = if flags.group {
         group_num(&num)
@@ -270,8 +329,24 @@ fn print_it(output: &OutputType, flags: Flags, width: usize, precision: Option<u
         precision = precision.unwrap_or(0)
     );
     pad_and_print(&extended, flags.left, width, padding_char);
-        }
+}
-        OutputType::Unsigned(num) => {
+
+/// Prints an unsigned integer value based on the provided flags, width, and precision.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `num` - The unsigned integer value to be printed.
+/// * `flags` - A reference to the Flags struct containing formatting flags.
+/// * `width` - The width of the field for the printed unsigned integer.
+/// * `precision` - An Option containing the precision value.
+/// * `padding_char` - The padding character as determined by `determine_padding_char`.
+fn print_unsigned(
+    num: u64,
+    flags: &Flags,
+    width: usize,
+    precision: Option<usize>,
+    padding_char: Padding,
+) {
     let num = num.to_string();
     let s = if flags.group {
         group_num(&num)
@@ -280,25 +355,54 @@ fn print_it(output: &OutputType, flags: Flags, width: usize, precision: Option<u
     };
     let s = format!("{s:0>precision$}", precision = precision.unwrap_or(0));
     pad_and_print(&s, flags.left, width, padding_char);
-        }
+}
-        OutputType::UnsignedOct(num) => {
+
+/// Prints an unsigned octal integer value based on the provided flags, width, and precision.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `num` - The unsigned octal integer value to be printed.
+/// * `flags` - A reference to the Flags struct containing formatting flags.
+/// * `width` - The width of the field for the printed unsigned octal integer.
+/// * `precision` - An Option containing the precision value.
+/// * `padding_char` - The padding character as determined by `determine_padding_char`.
+fn print_unsigned_oct(
+    num: u32,
+    flags: &Flags,
+    width: usize,
+    precision: Option<usize>,
+    padding_char: Padding,
+) {
     let prefix = if flags.alter { "0" } else { "" };
     let s = format!(
         "{prefix}{num:0>precision$o}",
         precision = precision.unwrap_or(0)
     );
     pad_and_print(&s, flags.left, width, padding_char);
-        }
+}
-        OutputType::UnsignedHex(num) => {
+
+/// Prints an unsigned hexadecimal integer value based on the provided flags, width, and precision.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `num` - The unsigned hexadecimal integer value to be printed.
+/// * `flags` - A reference to the Flags struct containing formatting flags.
+/// * `width` - The width of the field for the printed unsigned hexadecimal integer.
+/// * `precision` - An Option containing the precision value.
+/// * `padding_char` - The padding character as determined by `determine_padding_char`.
+fn print_unsigned_hex(
+    num: u64,
+    flags: &Flags,
+    width: usize,
+    precision: Option<usize>,
+    padding_char: Padding,
+) {
     let prefix = if flags.alter { "0x" } else { "" };
     let s = format!(
         "{prefix}{num:0>precision$x}",
         precision = precision.unwrap_or(0)
     );
     pad_and_print(&s, flags.left, width, padding_char);
-        }
-        OutputType::Unknown => print!("?"),
-    }
 }
 
 impl Stater {