echo: cleanup

Cargo.toml

@@ -626,6 +626,7 @@ unused_qualifications = "warn"
 all = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
 cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
 pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+match_bool = "allow"                         # 8310
 cargo_common_metadata = "allow"              # 3240
 multiple_crate_versions = "allow"            # 2314
 missing_errors_doc = "allow"                 # 1504

src/uu/echo/src/echo.rs

@@ -21,109 +21,149 @@ mod options {
     pub const DISABLE_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE: &str = "disable_backslash_escape";
 }
 
-/// Holds the options for echo command:
+/// Options for the echo command.
-/// -n (disable newline)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-/// -e/-E (escape handling),
+struct Options {
-struct EchoOptions {
+    /// Whether the output should have a trailing newline.
-    /// -n flag option: if true, output a trailing newline (-n disables it)
+    ///
-    /// Default: true
+    /// True by default. `-n` disables it.
     pub trailing_newline: bool,
 
-    /// -e enables escape interpretation, -E disables it
+    /// Whether given string literals should be parsed for
-    /// Default: false (escape interpretation disabled)
+    /// escape characters.
+    ///
+    /// False by default, can be enabled with `-e`. Always true if
+    /// `POSIXLY_CORRECT` (cannot be disabled with `-E`).
     pub escape: bool,
 }
 
-/// Checks if an argument is a valid echo flag
+impl Default for Options {
-/// Returns true if valid echo flag found
+    fn default() -> Self {
-fn is_echo_flag(arg: &OsString, echo_options: &mut EchoOptions) -> bool {
+        Self {
-    let bytes = arg.as_encoded_bytes();
+            trailing_newline: true,
-    if bytes.first() == Some(&b'-') && arg != "-" {
+            escape: false,
-        // we initialize our local variables to the "current" options so we don't override
+        }
-        // previous found flags
+    }
-        let mut escape = echo_options.escape;
+}
-        let mut trailing_newline = echo_options.trailing_newline;
 
-        // Process characters after the '-'
+impl Options {
-        for c in &bytes[1..] {
+    fn posixly_correct_default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            trailing_newline: true,
+            escape: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Checks if an argument is a valid echo flag, and if
+/// it is records the changes in [`Options`].
+fn is_flag(arg: &OsStr, options: &mut Options) -> bool {
+    let arg = arg.as_encoded_bytes();
+
+    if arg.first() != Some(&b'-') || arg == b"-" {
+        // Argument doesn't start with '-' or is '-' => not a flag.
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // We don't modify the given options until after
+    // the loop because there is a chance the flag isn't
+    // valid after all & shouldn't affect the options.
+    let mut options_: Options = *options;
+
+    // Skip the '-' when processing characters.
+    for c in &arg[1..] {
         match c {
-                b'e' => escape = true,
+            b'e' => options_.escape = true,
-                b'E' => escape = false,
+            b'E' => options_.escape = false,
-                b'n' => trailing_newline = false,
+            b'n' => options_.trailing_newline = false,
-                // if there is any char in an argument starting with '-' that doesn't match e/E/n
+
-                // present means that this argument is not a flag
+            // If there is any character in an supposed flag
+            // that is not a valid flag character, it is not
+            // a flag.
+            //
+            // "-eeEnEe" => is a flag.
+            // "-eeBne" => not a flag, short circuit at the B.
             _ => return false,
         }
     }
 
-        // we only override the options with flags being found once we parsed the whole argument
+    // We are now sure that the argument is a
-        echo_options.escape = escape;
+    // flag, and can apply the modified options.
-        echo_options.trailing_newline = trailing_newline;
+    *options = options_;
-        return true;
+    true
-    }
-
-    // argument doesn't start with '-' or is "-" => no flag
-    false
 }
 
-/// Processes command line arguments, separating flags from normal arguments
+/// Processes command line arguments, separating flags from normal arguments.
-/// Returns:
+///
-/// - Vector of non-flag arguments
+/// # Returns
-/// - `trailing_newline`: whether to print a trailing newline
+///
-/// - `escape`: whether to process escape sequences
+/// - Vector of non-flag arguments.
-fn filter_echo_flags(args: impl uucore::Args) -> (Vec<OsString>, bool, bool) {
+/// - [`Options`], describing how teh arguments should be interpreted.
-    let mut result = Vec::new();
+fn filter_flags(mut args: impl uucore::Args) -> (Vec<OsString>, Options) {
-    let mut echo_options = EchoOptions {
+    let mut arguments = Vec::with_capacity(args.size_hint().0);
-        trailing_newline: true,
+    let mut options = Options::default();
-        escape: false,
-    };
-    let mut args_iter = args.into_iter();
 
-    // Process arguments until first non-flag is found
+    // Process arguments until first non-flag is found.
-    for arg in &mut args_iter {
+    for arg in &mut args {
-        // we parse flags and store options found in "echo_option". First is_echo_flag
+        // We parse flags and aggregate the options in `options`.
-        // call to return false will break the loop and we will collect the remaining arguments
+        // First call to `is_echo_flag` to return false will break the loop.
-        if !is_echo_flag(&arg, &mut echo_options) {
+        if !is_flag(&arg, &mut options) {
-            // First non-flag argument stops flag processing
+            // Not a flag. Can break out of flag-processing loop.
-            result.push(arg);
+            // Don't forget to push it to the arguments too.
+            arguments.push(arg);
             break;
         }
     }
-    // Collect remaining arguments
+
-    for arg in args_iter {
+    // Collect remaining non-flag arguments.
-        result.push(arg);
+    arguments.extend(args);
-    }
+
-    (result, echo_options.trailing_newline, echo_options.escape)
+    (arguments, options)
 }
 
 #[uucore::main]
 pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
+    // args[0] is the name of the binary.
+    let mut args = args.skip(1).peekable();
+
     // Check POSIX compatibility mode
+    //
+    // From the GNU manual, on what it should do:
+    //
+    // > If the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is set, then when
+    // > echo’s first argument is not -n it outputs option-like arguments
+    // > instead of treating them as options. For example, echo -ne hello
+    // > outputs ‘-ne hello’ instead of plain ‘hello’. Also backslash
+    // > escapes are always enabled. To echo the string ‘-n’, one of the
+    // > characters can be escaped in either octal or hexadecimal
+    // > representation. For example, echo -e '\x2dn'.
     let is_posixly_correct = env::var_os("POSIXLY_CORRECT").is_some();
 
-    let args_iter = args.skip(1);
+    let (args, options) = match is_posixly_correct {
-    let (args, trailing_newline, escaped) = if is_posixly_correct {
-        let mut args_iter = args_iter.peekable();
-
-        if args_iter.peek() == Some(&OsString::from("-n")) {
-            // if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is the "-n" flag
-            // we filter flags normally but 'escaped' is activated nonetheless
-            let (args, _, _) = filter_echo_flags(args_iter);
-            (args, false, true)
-        } else {
-            // if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is not the "-n" flag
-            // we just collect all arguments as every argument is considered an argument
-            let args: Vec<OsString> = args_iter.collect();
-            (args, true, true)
-        }
-    } else {
         // if POSIXLY_CORRECT is not set we filter the flags normally
-        let (args, trailing_newline, escaped) = filter_echo_flags(args_iter);
+        false => filter_flags(args),
-        (args, trailing_newline, escaped)
+
+        true if args.peek().is_some_and(|arg| arg == "-n") => {
+            // if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is the "-n" flag
+            // we filter flags normally but 'escaped' is activated nonetheless.
+            let (args, _) = filter_flags(args);
+            (
+                args,
+                Options {
+                    trailing_newline: false,
+                    ..Options::posixly_correct_default()
+                },
+            )
+        }
+
+        true => {
+            // if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is not the "-n" flag
+            // we just collect all arguments as every argument is considered an argument.
+            (args.collect(), Options::posixly_correct_default())
+        }
     };
 
-    let mut stdout_lock = io::stdout().lock();
+    execute(&mut io::stdout().lock(), args, options)?;
-    execute(&mut stdout_lock, args, trailing_newline, escaped)?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -169,34 +209,29 @@ pub fn uu_app() -> Command {
         )
 }
 
-fn execute(
+fn execute(stdout: &mut StdoutLock, args: Vec<OsString>, options: Options) -> UResult<()> {
-    stdout_lock: &mut StdoutLock,
+    for (i, arg) in args.into_iter().enumerate() {
-    arguments_after_options: Vec<OsString>,
+        let Some(bytes) = bytes_from_os_string(arg.as_os_str()) else {
-    trailing_newline: bool,
-    escaped: bool,
-) -> UResult<()> {
-    for (i, input) in arguments_after_options.into_iter().enumerate() {
-        let Some(bytes) = bytes_from_os_string(input.as_os_str()) else {
             return Err(USimpleError::new(1, get_message("echo-error-non-utf8")));
         };
 
         if i > 0 {
-            stdout_lock.write_all(b" ")?;
+            stdout.write_all(b" ")?;
         }
 
-        if escaped {
+        if options.escape {
             for item in parse_escape_only(bytes, OctalParsing::ThreeDigits) {
-                if item.write(&mut *stdout_lock)?.is_break() {
+                if item.write(&mut *stdout)?.is_break() {
                     return Ok(());
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            stdout_lock.write_all(bytes)?;
+            stdout.write_all(bytes)?;
         }
     }
 
-    if trailing_newline {
+    if options.trailing_newline {
-        stdout_lock.write_all(b"\n")?;
+        stdout.write_all(b"\n")?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -212,8 +247,7 @@ fn bytes_from_os_string(input: &OsStr) -> Option<&[u8]> {
 
     #[cfg(not(target_family = "unix"))]
     {
-        // TODO
+        // TODO: Verify that this works correctly on these platforms
-        // Verify that this works correctly on these platforms
         input.to_str().map(|st| st.as_bytes())
     }
 }